ReviewTheranostics2013
The puzzling role of CXCR4 in human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Review in Theranostics, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Case report: A case of HIV seroconversion in a high-risk individual after 35 years of resistance with a CCR5Δ32 heterozygous genotype.Virus research · 2026Article
- Sigma-1 receptor regulates HIV-1 and methamphetamine-induced endothelial/pericyte barrier impairment via strain-specific inflammatory responses and mitochondrial dysregulation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Targeting the chemokine receptor CXCR4 for cancer therapies.Biomarker research · 2025Review
- Promoter Methylation of HIV Coreceptor-Related Genes CCR5 and CXCR4: Original Research.Viruses · 2025Article
- ComparingCancers · 2025Article
- QuickFit: A High-Throughput RT-qPCR-Based Assay to Quantify Viral Growth and Fitness In Vitro.Viruses · 2024Article
- Spermine and spermidine bind CXCR4 and inhibit CXCR4- but not CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection.Science advances · 2023Article
- Review
- Integrase strand transfer inhibitor-based regimen is related with a limited HIV-1 V3 loop evolution in clinical practice.Virus genes · 2019Article
- Phylogenetic Analyses Comparing HIV Sequences from Plasma at Virologic Failure to Cervix Versus Blood Sequences from Antecedent Antiretroviral Therapy Suppression.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2019Observational
- Monotypic low-level HIV viremias during antiretroviral therapy are associated with disproportionate production of X4 virions and systemic immune activation.AIDS (London, England) · 2018Article
- Cell Cycle-Associated CXCR4 Expression in Germinal Center B Cells and Its Implications on Affinity Maturation.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Expression of CXCR4 and VEGF-C is correlated with lymph node metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer.Thoracic cancer · 2017Article
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Playing Hide-and-Seek: Understanding the TFrontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- Impact of HIV-1 tropism on the emergence of non-AIDS events in HIV-infected patients receiving fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy.AIDS (London, England) · 2016Article
- Inhibition of signaling between human CXCR4 and zebrafish ligands by the small molecule IT1t impairs the formation of triple-negative breast cancer early metastases in a zebrafish xenograft model.Disease models & mechanisms · 2016Article
- Review
- CCR5 Gene Editing of Resting CD4(+) T Cells by Transient ZFN Expression From HIV Envelope Pseudotyped Nonintegrating Lentivirus Confers HIV-1 Resistance in Humanized Mice.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2014Article
- CXCR4: a virus's best friend?Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2014Review
- CXCR4 chemokine receptor overview: biology, pathology and applications in imaging and therapy.Theranostics · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is the etiological agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease highly lethal in the absence of combination antiretroviral therapy. HIV infects CD4(+) cells of the immune system (T cells, monocyte-macrophages and dendritic cells) via interaction with a universal primary receptor, the CD4 molecule, followed by a mandatory interaction with a second receptor (co-receptor) belonging to the chemokine receptor family. Apart from some rare cases, two chemokine receptors have been evolutionarily selected to accomplish this need for HIV-1: CCR5 and CXCR4. Yet, usage of these two receptors appears to be neither casual nor simply explained by their levels of cell surface expression. While CCR5 use is the universal rule at the start of every infection regardless of the transmission route (blood-related, sexual or mother to child), CXCR4 utilization emerges later in disease coinciding with the immunological deficient phase of infection. Moreover, in most instances CXCR4 use as viral entry co-receptor is associated with maintenance of CCR5 use. Since antiviral agents preventing CCR5 utilization by the virus are already in use, while others targeting either CCR5 or CXCR4 (or both) are under investigation, understanding the biological correlates of this "asymmetrical" utilization of HIV entry co-receptors bears relevance for the clinical choice of which therapeutics should be administered to infected individuals. We will here summarize the basic knowledge and the hypotheses underlying the puzzling and yet unequivocal role of CXCR4 in HIV-1 infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.