ArticleBMC infectious diseases2013
Spatial and temporal variation and hotspot detection of kala-azar disease in Vaishali district (Bihar), India.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Slaughterhouse-Linked Spatial Framework for Prioritizing Livestock Surveillance in Thailand.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Trend analysis and spatiotemporal distribution of leishmaniasis disease incidence in Sri Lanka: A detailed review from 2009 to 2023.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Review
- Article
- Knockdown resistance mutations in Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies in Bihar, India.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Modelling spatiotemporal patterns of visceral leishmaniasis incidence in two endemic states in India using environment, bioclimatic and demographic data, 2013-2022.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Understanding the spread of infectious diseases in edge areas of hotspots: dengue epidemics in tropical metropolitan regions.International journal of health geographics · 2023Article
- Distribution and Risk of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Epidemiological features and spatial-temporal clustering of visceral leishmaniasis in mainland China from 2019 to 2021.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Integrating Spatial Modelling and Space-Time Pattern Mining Analytics for Vector Disease-Related Health Perspectives: A Case of Dengue Fever in Pakistan.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Improved kala-azar case management through implementation of health facility-based sentinel sites surveillance system in Bihar, India.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Spatiotemporal distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka and future case burden estimates.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- An assessment of risk factors for contracting rabies among dog bite cases recorded in Ward 30, Murewa district, Zimbabwe.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Spatio-temporal clustering of Mountain-type Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in China between 2015 and 2019.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Predicted distribution of sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) species involved in the transmission of Leishmaniasis in São Paulo state, Brazil, utilizing maximum entropy ecological niche modeling.Pathogens and global health · 2021Article
- Spatiotemporal Distribution of Zika Virus and Its Spatially Heterogeneous Relationship with the Environment.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Article
- Spatial and genetic clustering of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in a low-transmission area of Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- A multimethod approach for county-scale geospatial analysis of emerging infectious diseases: a cross-sectional case study of COVID-19 incidence in Germany.International journal of health geographics · 2020Article
- A spatio-temporal approach to short-term prediction of visceral leishmaniasis diagnoses in India.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Intensely clustered outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in a setting of seasonal migration in a village of Bihar, India.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAn improved understanding in transmission variation of kala-azar is fundamental to conduct surveillance and implementing disease prevention strategies. This study investigated the spatio-temporal patterns and hotspot detection for reporting kala-azar cases in Vaishali district based on spatial statistical analysis.
methodsEpidemiological data from the study area during 2007-2011 was used to examine the dynamic space-time pattern of kala-azar outbreaks, and all cases were geocoded at a village level. Spatial smoothing was applied to reduce random noise in the data. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) is used to interpolate and predict the pattern of VL cases distribution across the district. Moran's I Index (Moran's I) statistics was used to evaluate autocorrelation in kala-azar spatial distribution and test how villages were clustered or dispersed in space. Getis-Ord Gi*(d) was used to identify the hotspot and cold spot areas within the study site.
resultsMapping kala-azar cases or incidences reflects the spatial heterogeneity in the incidence rate of kala-azar affected villages in Vaishali district. Kala-azar incidence rate map showed most of the highest endemic villages were located in southern, eastern and northwestern part of the district; in the middle part of the district generally show the medium occurrence of VL. There was a significant positive spatial autocorrelation of kala-azar incidences for five consecutive years, with Moran's I statistic ranging from 0.04-0.17 (P <0.01). The results revealed spatially clustered patterns with significant differences by village. The hotspots showed the spatial trend of kala-azar diffusion (P < 0.01).
conclusionsThe results pointed to the usefulness of spatial statistical approach to improve our understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics and control of kala-azar. The study also showed the north-western and southern part of Vaishali district is most likely endemic cluster region. To employ exact and geographically suitable risk-reduction programmes, apply of such spatial analysis tools should suit a vital constituent in epidemiology research and risk evaluation of kala-azar.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.