ArticlePloS one2013
Proline: the distribution, frequency, positioning, and common functional roles of proline and polyproline sequences in the human proteome.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 151 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
151 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 284 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Trial
- Uptake of L-proline by Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
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- Systematic and proactive evaluation of AIRE missense variant effects.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Intrinsic protein disorder reveals divergent signaling architectures and lifestyle adaptation inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- An Extremely Rare ZP4 Missense Variant in a Patient with Abnormal Zona Pellucida Morphology and Female Infertility: A Case Report.Reports (MDPI) · 2026Article
- Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid-induced oligodendrogliopathy in vitro and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology · 2026Article
- PolyProline Predictor: A web server for empirical sequence-based prediction of polyproline II helices.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2026Article
- A (poly)Pro tip for preserving native disulfide connectivity during thiol-maleimide bioconjugation of disulfide-rich peptides.Chemical science · 2026Article
- Causal inference of metabolites in autoimmune liver diseases: A Mendelian randomization analysis.Medicine · 2026Article
- Bioinformatic Analyses of the Ataxin-2 Family Since Algae Emphasize Its Small Isoforms, Large Chimerisms, and the Importance of Human Exon 1B as Target of Therapies to Prevent Neurodegeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Substrate Versatility of ΔMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Amino Acids Frequency and Interaction Trends: Comprehensive Analysis of Experimentally Validated Viral Antigen-Antibody Complexes.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Article
- Genomic characterization of avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B in United States poultry by targeted amplicon sequencing.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Computational models for the classification of antibody specificity using heavy chain features.PloS one · 2026Article
- Genetic variants inThe Libyan journal of medicine · 2025Article
- Consumption of L-Proline as Energy Substrate by Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes.Neurochemical research · 2025Article
- Systematic and proactive evaluation of AIRE missense variant effects.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Understanding Biases in Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation: Investigating Amino Acid Enrichments in Phase-Separating Proteins toward Peptide Design.Biomacromolecules · 2025Article
91 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Proline is an anomalous amino acid. Its nitrogen atom is covalently locked within a ring, thus it is the only proteinogenic amino acid with a constrained phi angle. Sequences of three consecutive prolines can fold into polyproline helices, structures that join alpha helices and beta pleats as architectural motifs in protein configuration. Triproline helices are participants in protein-protein signaling interactions. Longer spans of repeat prolines also occur, containing as many as 27 consecutive proline residues. Little is known about the frequency, positioning, and functional significance of these proline sequences. Therefore we have undertaken a systematic bioinformatics study of proline residues in proteins. We analyzed the distribution and frequency of 687,434 proline residues among 18,666 human proteins, identifying single residues, dimers, trimers, and longer repeats. Proline accounts for 6.3% of the 10,882,808 protein amino acids. Of all proline residues, 4.4% are in trimers or longer spans. We detected patterns that influence function based on proline location, spacing, and concentration. We propose a classification based on proline-rich, polyproline-rich, and proline-poor status. Whereas singlet proline residues are often found in proteins that display recurring architectural patterns, trimers or longer proline sequences tend be associated with the absence of repetitive structural motifs. Spans of 6 or more are associated with DNA/RNA processing, actin, and developmental processes. We also suggest a role for proline in Kruppel-type zinc finger protein control of DNA expression, and in the nucleation and translocation of actin by the formin complex.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.