ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2013
Toll-like receptor expression and activation in mice with experimental dry eye.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toll-like receptors in corneal ectasia: linking innate immunity to keratoconus.Molecular biology reports · 2026Pooled it
- Global research hotspots and trends in anti-inflammatory studies in dry eye: a bibliometric analysis (2004-2024).Frontiers in medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Palladium nanozyme loaded metal-organic framework eyedrops alleviate oxidative stress for dry eye treatment.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Ocular Surface Microbiota-Derived Lipoteichoic Acid Promotes Dry Eye Disease by Inducing Corneal Inflammation.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- L-carnitine partially restores adherens junction integrity and promotes wound healing in human corneal epithelial cells exposed to hyperosmolar stress.Experimental eye research · 2025Article
- KGF-2 Alleviates Dry Eye Disease by Regulating the HMGB1/TLR4 Pathway.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Chinese medicine formula "Qingxuan Runmu Yin" alleviating ocular surface inflammation in a rat model of dry eye disease by modulating the TLR4/TAK1/p38MAPK pathway.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- The cGAS-STING pathway-dependent sensing of mitochondrial DNA mediates ocular surface inflammation.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Article
- Inflammation of Dry Eye Syndrome: A Cellular Study of the Epithelial and Macrophagic Involvement of NFAT5 and RAGE.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Induction of Innate Inflammatory Pathways in the Corneal Epithelium in the Desiccating Stress Dry Eye Model.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- A Novel Ferroptosis Inhibitor UAMC-3203, a Potential Treatment for Corneal Epithelial Wound.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Recent advances in optical coherence tomography for anterior segment imaging in small animals and their clinical implications.The ocular surface · 2022Review
- Bacteria and Dry Eye: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Mucosal immunology of the ocular surface.Mucosal immunology · 2022Review
- IGFBP-3 Regulates Mitochondrial Hyperfusion and Metabolic Activity in Ocular Surface Epithelia during Hyperosmolar Stress.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Can the cGAS-STING Pathway Play a Role in the Dry Eye?Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Comparison of Two Experimental Mouse Dry Eye Models through Inflammatory Gene Set Enrichment Analysis Based on a Multiplexed Transcriptomic Approach.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Histatin-1 Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Signaling in RAW264.7 Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) expression and function in dry eye associated inflammation.Experimental eye research · 2021Article
- IGFBP-3 Mediates Metabolic Homeostasis During Hyperosmolar Stress in the Corneal Epithelium.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo investigate the expression and/or function of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in dry eye inflammation.
methodsExperimental dry eye (EDE) was induced in C57BL/6 mice and TLR mRNA and protein expression were determined at the ocular surface and lacrimal gland. TLR agonist cocktail was applied to the ocular surface in untreated (UT), corneal scratched, and EDE mice. The corneal expression of cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP; human LL-37 orthologue), and mouse beta defensin (mBD)-3 and -4 (human BD-2 orthologue) was compared. LL-37, hBD-2, TLR4, 5, and TLR9 mRNA expression was examined in patients with dysfunctional tear syndrome (DTS) via conjunctival impression cytology. Murine central corneal thickness (CCT) and inflammatory cell recruitment into the stroma was determined by in vivo imaging.
resultsEDE upregulated TLR2-4 and 9 mRNA expression in the palpebral conjunctiva and with the exception of TLR4, a similar expression, occurred in the corneal epithelium. TLR2 and 5 were upregulated in lacrimal gland and overall, there was a corresponding change in TLR protein. EDE decreased CRAMP mRNA and protein. hBD-2 and TLR9 expression were modulated in DTS subjects. Topical TLR agonist increased inflammatory cells recruitment and CCT in mice with a cornea scratch. In EDE, TLR agonist treatment downregulated corneal mBD-4 protein caused corneal epithelial loss, and stromal ulceration resulting in decreased CCT.
conclusionsDTS modulates the expression of TLR and CRAMP and topical application of TLR agonists in EDE mice resulted in corneal epithelial loss and thinning. These results suggest that TLRs are involved in DTS inflammation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.