ArticleAmerican journal of respiratory and critical care medicine2013
Controlled human infection and rechallenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae reveals the protective efficacy of carriage in healthy adults.
Article in American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 113 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 193 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunogenicity and seroefficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effect of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on experimental carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B in Blantyre, Malawi: a randomised controlled trial and controlled human infection study.The Lancet. Microbe · 2023Trial
- Controlled Human Infection With Bordetella pertussis Induces Asymptomatic, Immunizing Colonization.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Trial
- Symptoms associated with influenza vaccination and experimental human pneumococcal colonisation of the nasopharynx.Vaccine · 2020Trial
- Innate and adaptive nasal mucosal immune responses following experimental human pneumococcal colonization.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2019Trial
- Two Randomized Trials of the Effect of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine on Pneumococcal Colonization.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2019Trial
- Inflammation induced by influenza virus impairs human innate immune control of pneumococcus.Nature immunology · 2018Trial
- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 delivered as one primary and one booster dose (1 + 1) compared with two primary doses and a booster (2 + 1) in UK infants: a multicentre, parallel group randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2018Trial
- Agglutination by anti-capsular polysaccharide antibody is associated with protection against experimental human pneumococcal carriage.Mucosal immunology · 2017Trial
- Modulation of nasopharyngeal innate defenses by viral coinfection predisposes individuals to experimental pneumococcal carriage.Mucosal immunology · 2016Trial
- Establishing a human co-infection challenge study ofBMJ open · 2026Article
- Biofilm formation during pneumococcal carriage imprints naturally acquired humoral immunity.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Rotavirus mucosal immunology: insights and research priorities from an international convening in Liverpool, March 2024.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Pneumococcus uses COMMD2 to alter host cellular immunity.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Disease-Attenuated Pneumococcal Biosynthesis Gene Mutants Invade the Mucosal Epithelium and Induce Innate Immunity.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- BPZE1 vaccination induces IL-17NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Pooled analysis of PCV13 efficacy from controlled human infection trials in Malawi and the UK.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- The Airway Microbiome as a Modulator of Influenza Virus Infection: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Perspectives-Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Kinetic profile and mucosal capsular polysaccharide IgG responses to serotype 3 pneumococcus in the adult oropharynx following an experimental human challenge.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issuedBricio Moreno, Laura [corrected to Bricio-Moreno, Laura]
Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleThe immunological and protective role of pneumococcal carriage in healthy adults is not known, but high rates of disease and death in the elderly are associated with low carriage prevalence.
objectivesWe employed an experimental human pneumococcal carriage model to investigate the immunizing effect of a single carriage episode.
methodsSeventy healthy adults were challenged, and of those with carriage, 10 were rechallenged intranasally with live 6B Streptococcus pneumoniae up to 11 months after clearance of the first carriage episode. Serum and nasal wash antibody responses were measured before and after each challenge. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
resultsA total of 29 subjects were experimentally colonized. No subjects were colonized by experimental rechallenge, demonstrating the protective effect of initial carriage against subsequent infection. Carriage increased both mucosal and serum IgG levels to pneumococcal proteins and polysaccharide, resulting in a fourfold increase in opsonophagocytic activity. Importantly, passive transfer of postcarriage sera from colonized subjects conferred 70% protection against lethal challenge by a heterologous strain in a murine model of invasive pneumococcal pneumonia. These levels were significantly higher than the protection conferred by either precarriage sera (30%) or saline (10%).
conclusionsExperimental human carriage resulted in mucosal and systemic immunological responses that conferred protection against recolonization and invasive pneumococcal disease. These data suggest that mucosal pneumococcal vaccination strategies may be important for vulnerable patient groups, particularly the elderly, who do not sustain carriage.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.