ArticlePediatric research2013
Two-hit model of brain damage in the very preterm newborn: small for gestational age and postnatal systemic inflammation.
Article in Pediatric research, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 122 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Small for Gestational Age Status With Childhood Cognitive Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA pediatrics · 2020Pooled it
- Preterm birth-associated neurodevelopmental impairment estimates at regional and global levels for 2010.Pediatric research · 2013Pooled it
- Reduced Cortical Excitability, Neuroplasticity, and Salivary Cortisol in 11-13-Year-Old Children Born to Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.EBioMedicine · 2018Trial
- Postnatal weight trajectories drives beter head circumference growth in preterm infants ≤32 weeks: a multicenter Latin American cohort study.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Persistent neuroimmune alterations in children who are HIV-exposed but uninfected at age 6-7 years: Associations with language development in a South African birth cohort.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Nano-formulated curcumin uptake and biodistribution in the fetal growth restricted newborn piglet brain.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Inflammatory Biomarkers and Neurotrophic Factors in Preterm Newborns as Predictors of Motor Development: A Systematic Review.Pediatric reports · 2026Review
- Adverse neurodevelopment after multiple sepsis and/or necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: revisiting single-episode paradigm.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Early Postnatal Infection With Human Cytomegalovirus Has Long-Term Consequences on Brain Structure of Former Preterm Born Children.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Prenatal inflammation exacerbates hyperoxia-induced neonatal brain injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Long-Term Neurologic Consequences following Fetal Growth Restriction: The Impact on Brain Reserve.Developmental neuroscience · 2025Review
- Maternal and child immune profiles are associated with neurometabolite measures of early-life neuroinflammation in children who are HIV-exposed and uninfected: a South African birth cohort.Wellcome open research · 2025Article
- Chronic Inflammation Offers Hints About Viable Therapeutic Targets for Preeclampsia and Potentially Related Offspring Sequelae.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Perinatal inflammation, fetal growth restriction, and long-term neurodevelopmental impairment in Bangladesh.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Role of perinatal inflammation in neurodevelopmental impairment of small-for-gestational age and extremely preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Neonatal inflammation and its association with asthma and obesity in late childhood among individuals born extremely preterm.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management of Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR).Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Early IGF-1 receptor inhibition in mice mimics preterm human brain disorders and reveals a therapeutic target.Science advances · 2024Article
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is not related to neurofilament light for neuroaxonal damage in preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2023Article
- Environmental influences on child health outcomes: cohorts of individuals born very preterm.Pediatric research · 2023Review
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe sought to disentangle the contributions of perinatal systemic inflammation and being small for gestational age (SGA) to the occurrence of low Bayley Mental Development Indices (MDIs) at the age of 2 y.
methodsWe measured the concentration of 25 inflammation-related proteins in blood obtained during the first two postnatal weeks from 805 infants who were born before the 28th wk of gestation and who had MDI measurements at the age of 2 y and were able to walk independently.
resultsSGA newborns who did not have systemic inflammation (a concentration of an inflammation-related protein in the top quartile for gestational age on two days a week apart) were at a greater risk of an MDI <55, but not 55-69, than their peers who had neither SGA nor systemic inflammation. SGA infants who had elevated blood concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, or IL-8 during the first 2 postnatal weeks were at even higher risk of an MDI <55 than their SGA peers without systemic inflammation and their non-SGA peers with systemic inflammation.
conclusionSGA appears to place very preterm newborns at an increased risk of a very low MDI. Systemic inflammation adds considerably to the increased risk.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.