ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2013
A novel fluorescent lipid probe for dry eye: retrieval by tear lipocalin in humans.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Translating Biomarker Discovery: From Bench to Bedside in Dry Eye Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Tear Lipocalin and Lipocalin-Interacting Membrane Receptor.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Micro/nanodevices for assessment and treatment in stomatology and ophthalmology.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2021Review
- Evidence for Phospholipids on the Surface of Human Tears.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2020Article
- Glucose-sensitive silicone hydrogel contact lens toward tear glucose monitoring.Journal of biomedical optics · 2018Article
- Interaction of ceramides and tear lipocalin.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids · 2018Article
- Dry eye syndrome: developments and lifitegrast in perspective.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2018Review
- Lipocalins Are Required for Apical Extracellular Matrix Organization and Remodeling inGenetics · 2017Article
- Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy reveals quenching of fluorescein within corneal epithelium.Experimental eye research · 2016Article
- Antibacterial activity of rifamycins for M. smegmatis with comparison of oxidation and binding to tear lipocalin.Biochimica et biophysica acta · 2014Article
- Once-Daily Topical Phosphosulindac Is Efficacious in the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease: Studies in Rabbit Models of Its Main Clinical Subtypes.Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and TherapeuticsArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeA fluorescent probe was used to identify mucin-depleted areas on the ocular surface and to test the hypothesis that tear lipocalin retrieves lipids from the eyes of normal and dry eye subjects.
methodsFluorescein-labeled octadecyl ester, FODE, was characterized by mass spectrometry and absorbance spectrophotometry. The use of FODE to define mucin defects was studied with impression membranes under conditions that selectively deplete mucin. The kinetics of FODE removal from the ocular surface were analyzed by sampling tears from control and dry eye patients at various times. The tear protein-FODE complexes were isolated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatographies, monitored with absorption and fluorescent spectroscopies, and analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Immunoprecipitation verified FODE complexed to tear lipocalin in tears.
resultsFODE exhibits an isosbestic point at 473 nm, pKa of 7.5, and red shift relative to fluorescein. The low solubility of FODE in buffer is enhanced with 1% Tween 80 and ethanol. FODE adheres to the ocular surface of dry eye patients. FODE produces visible staining at the contact sites of membranes, which correlates with removal of mucin. Despite the fact that tear lipocalin is reduced in dry eye patients, FODE removal follows similar rapid exponential decay functions for all subjects. FODE is bound to tear lipocalin in tears.
conclusionsTear lipocalin retrieves lipid rapidly from the human ocular surface in mild to moderate dry eye disease and controls. With improvements in solubility, FODE may have potential as a fluorescent probe to identify mucin-depleted areas.
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