Trial reportProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex interactions during self-control of cigarette craving.
Trial report in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 254 citations in OpenAlex.
- Functional Connectivity Disruptions in Grey Matter Volume-Altered Brain Regions Among Male Smokers: A Neuroimaging Study.Addiction biology · 2025Pooled it
- Virtual reality: a powerful technology to provide novel insight into treatment mechanisms of addiction.Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- The two-way relationship between nicotine and cortical activity: a systematic review of neurobiological and treatment aspects.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- Neural bases of pharmacological treatment of nicotine dependence - insights from functional brain imaging: a systematic review.CNS drugs · 2013Pooled it
- DLPFC rTMS is more effective than sham or orbitofrontal stimulation for smoking cessation and alters frontal brain activity: A double-blind, sham-controlled randomized clinical trial.Journal of psychiatric research · 2026Trial
- Reduced executive and reward connectivity is associated with smoking cessation response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial.Brain imaging and behavior · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Testing the role of the posterior cingulate cortex in processing salient stimuli in cannabis users: an rTMS study.The European journal of neuroscience · 2019Trial
- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces resting-state insula activity and modulates functional connectivity of the orbitofrontal cortex in cigarette smokers.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2017Trial
- Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex reduces cue-reactivity in alcohol-dependent patients.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2016Trial
- Trial
- Combining neuroimaging and brain stimulation to test alternative causal pathways for nicotine addiction in schizophrenia.Brain stimulationTrial
- A Neurocomputational Model of Observation-Based Decision Making with a Focus on Trust.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Spontaneous activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex supporting self-control mediates the relationship between future time perspective and procrastination.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for substance use disorders and chronic pain: A review of the evidence and call for increased mechanistic understanding.Current addiction reports · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic status, prefrontal cortical volume, and cardiometabolic risk in early adolescence.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2025Article
- Multiomic Network Analysis Identifies Dysregulated Neurobiological Pathways in Opioid Addiction.Biological psychiatry · 2025Article
- Modulation of Nicotine-Associated Behaviour in Rats By μ-Opioid Signals from the Medial Prefrontal Cortex to the Nucleus Accumbens Shell.Neuroscience bulletin · 2024Article
- Altered executive control network and default model network topology are linked to acute electronic cigarette use: A resting-state fNIRS study.Addiction biology · 2024Article
- Changes in distinct brain systems identified with fMRI during smoking cessation treatment with varenicline: a review.Psychopharmacology · 2024Review
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Drug-related cues induce craving, which may perpetuate drug use or trigger relapse in addicted individuals. Craving is also under the influence of other factors in daily life, such as drug availability and self-control. Neuroimaging studies using drug cue paradigms have shown frontal lobe involvement in this contextual influence on cue reactivity, but have not clarified how and which frontal area accounts for this phenomenon. We explored frontal lobe contributions to cue-induced drug craving under different intertemporal drug availability conditions by combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging in smokers. We hypothesized that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) regulates craving during changes in intertemporal availability. Subjective craving was greater when cigarettes were immediately available, and this effect was eliminated by transiently inactivating the DLPFC with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that the signal most proportional to subjective craving was located in the medial orbitofrontal cortex across all contexts, whereas the DLPFC most strongly encoded intertemporal availability information. The craving-related signal in the medial orbitofrontal cortex was attenuated by inactivation of the DLPFC, particularly when cigarettes were immediately available. Inactivation of the DLPFC also reduced craving-related signals in the anterior cingulate and ventral striatum, areas implicated in transforming value signals into action. These findings indicate that DLPFC builds up value signals based on knowledge of drug availability, and support a model wherein aberrant circuitry linking dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices may underlie addiction.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.