ArticleActa neuropathologica2013
Microglial nodules in early multiple sclerosis white matter are associated with degenerating axons.
Article in Acta neuropathologica, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 125 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
125 citing papers in PubMed, 212 citations in OpenAlex.
- IgA Deficiency Exacerbates an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis Induced with Theiler's Virus.Cells · 2026Article
- Recognition and management of acute relapse of multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease.Cell death and differentiation · 2026Review
- Microglial clonal dynamics and the impact of clonal hematopoiesis in autologously transplanted rhesus macaques.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Glial cells in chronic inflammation: diversity, dysfunction and therapeutic targeting.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Apolipoprotein E Deficiency Attenuates Neuroinflammatory Responses and Demyelination in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- AXL Promotes Ischemic Myelin Repair Through Alleviating Myelin Debris Deposition and Lipid Droplets Accumulation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Observational
- Multiple sclerosis and autoimmunity: a reappraisal of the evidence.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Pontine pathology mediates common symptoms of blast-induced chronic mild traumatic brain injury.Brain communications · 2026Article
- The mCells · 2025Review
- Microglia from patients with multiple sclerosis display a cell-autonomous immune activation state.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Myeloid ZNRF1 suppresses autoimmune demyelination and neuroinflammation by regulating MHC-II-mediated T cell activation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Multiple sclerosis: molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- A focus on the normal-appearing white and gray matter within the multiple sclerosis brain: a link to smoldering progression.Acta neuropathologica · 2025Review
- Innate Immune Mechanisms in the Central Nervous System.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Multiple sclerosis: etiology in the context of neurovascular unit and immune system involvement and advancements withFrontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Role of innate immune cells in multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- A Morphological Study of HLA-DR-Immunopositive Cells in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions and Their Implications for Pathogenesis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Age-dependent Powassan virus lethality is linked to glial cell activation and divergent neuroinflammatory cytokine responses in a murine model.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Identifying Diagnostic Markers and Constructing Predictive Models for Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
65 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microglial nodules in the normal-appearing white matter have been suggested as the earliest stage(s) of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion formation. Such nodules are characterized by an absence of leukocyte infiltration, astrogliosis or demyelination, and may develop into active demyelinating MS lesions. Although the etiology of MS is still not known, inflammation and autoimmunity are considered to be the central components of this disease. Previous studies provide evidence that Wallerian degeneration, occurring as a consequence of structural damage in MS lesions, might be responsible for observed pathological abnormalities in connected normal-appearing white matter. As innate immune cells, microglia/macrophages are the first to react to even minor pathological changes in the CNS. Biopsy tissue from 27 MS patients and autopsy and biopsy tissue from 22 normal and pathological controls were analyzed to determine the incidence of microglial nodules. We assessed MS periplaque white matter tissue from early disease stages to determine whether microglial nodules are associated with altered axons. With immunohistochemical methods, the spatial relation of the two phenomena was visualized using HLA-DR antibody for MHC II expression by activated microglia/macrophages and by applying antibodies against damaged axons, i.e., SMI32 (non-phosphorylated neurofilaments) and amyloid precursor protein as well as neuropeptide Y receptor Y1, which marks axons undergoing Wallerian degeneration. Our data demonstrate that the occurrence of microglial nodules is not specific to MS and is associated with degenerating as well as damaged axons in early MS. In addition, we show that early MS microglial nodules exhibit both pro- and antiinflammatory phenotypes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.