ArticleJournal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology2013
High diving metabolism results in a short aerobic dive limit for Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus).
Article in Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Heart rates of Steller sea lions drop slowly and oscillate while diving.Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology · 2026Article
- Metabolic costs of submerged activity in three species of Arctic seals.Conservation physiology · 2026Article
- Fur seals do, but sea lions don't - cross taxa insights into exhalation during ascent from dives.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021Article
- Diving deep into trouble: the role of foraging strategy and morphology in adapting to a changing environment.Conservation physiology · 2020Article
- Proxies of energy expenditure for marine mammals: an experimental test of "the time trap".Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Swimming metabolic rates vary by sex and development stage, but not by species, in three species of Australian otariid seals.Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology · 2017Article
- Physiological constraints and energetic costs of diving behaviour in marine mammals: a review of studies using trained Steller sea lions diving in the open ocean.Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology · 2017Review
- Validating the relationship between 3-dimensional body acceleration and oxygen consumption in trained Steller sea lions.Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology · 2015Article
- Dive behaviour can predict metabolic expenditure in Steller sea lions.Conservation physiology · 2015Article
- Sensitivity to hypercapnia and elimination of CO2 following diving in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus).Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology · 2014Article
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3 authors.
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Abstract
The diving capacity of marine mammals is typically defined by the aerobic dive limit (ADL) which, in lieu of direct measurements, can be calculated (cADL) from total body oxygen stores (TBO) and diving metabolic rate (DMR). To estimate cADL, we measured blood oxygen stores, and combined this with diving oxygen consumption rates (VO2) recorded from 4 trained Steller sea lions diving in the open ocean to depths of 10 or 40 m. We also examined the effect of diving exercise on O2 stores by comparing blood O2 stores of our diving animals to non-diving individuals at an aquarium. Mass-specific blood volume of the non-diving individuals was higher in the winter than in summer, but there was no overall difference in blood O2 stores between the diving and non-diving groups. Estimated TBO (35.9 ml O2 kg(-1)) was slightly lower than previously reported for Steller sea lions and other Otariids. Calculated ADL was 3.0 min (based on an average DMR of 2.24 L O2 min(-1)) and was significantly shorter than the average 4.4 min dives our study animals performed when making single long dives-but was similar to the times recorded during diving bouts (a series of 4 dives followed by a recovery period on the surface), as well as the dive times of wild animals. Our study is the first to estimate cADL based on direct measures of VO2 and blood oxygen stores for an Otariid and indicates they have a much shorter ADL than previously thought.
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