ArticleNature materials2013
Polymer multilayer tattooing for enhanced DNA vaccination.
Article in Nature materials, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 119 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
119 citing papers in PubMed, 275 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gas-propelled microneedles for precision transdermal therapeutics.Bioactive materials · 2027Review
- Driving Drugs Deeper: Force-Driven Microneedle Systems for Active Therapy and Their Road Towards Clinical Implementation.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Review
- Localized immunotherapy via dissolving microneedles for the prevention of breast cancer recurrence.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Lipid Nanoparticle-Encapsulated PolyI:C as an Adjuvant Enhances Both Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to the Hepatitis B Vaccine.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Comparative Evaluation of Hydrogel Dip-Coating on Cone and Pyramid Microneedle Arrays Fabricated by LCD 3D Printing.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Leveraging tissue-resident memory T cells for non-invasive immune monitoring via microneedle skin patches.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Research Progress of Microneedles in Vaccine Delivery.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Smart micro/nanoneedles for gene delivery.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2026Review
- Advances in Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems and Clinical Applications in Inflammatory Skin Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Microneedles at the Forefront of Next Generation Theranostics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Synthetic Polymers for Drug, Gene, and Vaccine Delivery.Polymer science & technology (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Review
- Transdermal microarrayed electroporation for enhanced cancer immunotherapy based on DNA vaccination.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Review
- Poly(β-aminoester) Physicochemical Properties Govern the Delivery of siRNA from Electrostatically Assembled Coatings.Biomacromolecules · 2024Article
- Biomaterial engineering strategies for B cell immunity modulations.Biomaterials science · 2024Review
- Microneedles: A novel clinical technology for evaluating skin characteristics.Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) · 2024Article
- Lipid Nanoparticle Encapsulation Empowers Poly(I:C) to Activate Cytoplasmic RLRs and Thereby Increases Its Adjuvanticity.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2024Article
- Recent progress of polymeric microneedle-assisted long-acting transdermal drug delivery.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques · 2024Review
- Customized flexible hollow microneedles for psoriasis treatment with reduced-dose drug.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2023Article
- Development of a novel microneedle platform for biomarker assessment of atopic dermatitis patients.Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) · 2023Article
59 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
DNA vaccines have many potential benefits but have failed to generate robust immune responses in humans. Recently, methods such as in vivo electroporation have demonstrated improved performance, but an optimal strategy for safe, reproducible, and pain-free DNA vaccination remains elusive. Here we report an approach for rapid implantation of vaccine-loaded polymer films carrying DNA, immune-stimulatory RNA, and biodegradable polycations into the immune-cell-rich epidermis, using microneedles coated with releasable polyelectrolyte multilayers. Films transferred into the skin following brief microneedle application promoted local transfection and controlled the persistence of DNA and adjuvants in the skin from days to weeks, with kinetics determined by the film composition. These 'multilayer tattoo' DNA vaccines induced immune responses against a model HIV antigen comparable to electroporation in mice, enhanced memory T-cell generation, and elicited 140-fold higher gene expression in non-human primate skin than intradermal DNA injection, indicating the potential of this strategy for enhancing DNA vaccination.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.