ArticleJournal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus2013
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of horizontal rectus muscles in esotropia.
Article in Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unilateral Medial Rectus Recession Can Produce Incomitance in Patients with Acute Acquired Comitant Esotropia: A Case Series.Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO · 2026Article
- Functional Anatomy of Ocular Counter-Rolling in Superior Oblique Palsy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- LncRNA ENST00000581911 Regulates Extraocular Muscle Remodeling by Interacting With KHSRP in Thyroid Eye Disease.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Comparison of orbital structures between age-related distance esotropia and acute acquired concomitant esotropia.PloS one · 2025Article
- Disconjugacies of saccade duration and trajectories in strabismus.Strabismus · 2024Article
- Comitant strabismus etiology: extraocular muscle integrity and central nervous system involvement-a narrative review.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2023Review
- Diffusion tensor imaging of horizontal extraocular muscles in patients with concomitant and paralytic esotropia.International journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Microstimulation of Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal Evokes Directionally Disconjugate Eye Movements in Monkeys With Pattern Strabismus.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
- Neural mechanisms of oculomotor abnormalities in the infantile strabismus syndrome.Journal of neurophysiology · 2017Review
- Magnetic resonance imaging in dissociated strabismus complex demonstrates generalized hypertrophy of rectus extraocular muscles.Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus · 2017Article
- Magnetic resonance imaging of the functional anatomy of the superior oblique muscle in patients with primary superior oblique overaction.Eye (London, England) · 2017Observational
- Strabismus and the Oculomotor System: Insights from Macaque Models.Annual review of vision science · 2016Article
- Rectus Extraocular Muscle Size and Pulley Location in Concomitant and Pattern Exotropia.Ophthalmology · 2016Article
- Abnormal activity of neurons in abducens nucleus of strabismic monkeys.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2014Article
- Strabismus genetics across a spectrum of eye misalignment disorders.Clinical genetics · 2014Review
- Muscle path length in horizontal strabismus.Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus · 2014Article
- Orbital magnetic resonance imaging is useful in age-related distance esotropia.Journal of optometryArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeMonkey neurophysiology suggests that changes in neural drive rather than extraocular muscle structure underlie sensory-induced strabismus. If this is true, then extraocular muscle structure should be normal. We used magnetic resonance imaging to measure horizontal rectus muscle size and contractility to determine whether muscle structure is a factor in human concomitant esotropia.
methodsHigh-resolution, quasicoronal plane magnetic resonance imaging was performed in target-controlled central gaze, abduction, and adduction in 13 orthotropic controls (mean age, 38 ± 19 years) and 12 adults (mean age, 52 ± 16 years) who had concomitant esotropia averaging 28(Δ) ± 18(Δ) at distance. Thyroid ophthalmopathy was excluded. Horizontal rectus muscle cross sections were determined in 6 contiguous, 2-mm-thick midorbital image planes. Contractility was computed in each plane as the difference in cross section from contraction to relaxation.
resultsMedial rectus muscle cross sections in multiple planes averaged up to 39% larger in esotropic patients than in controls (P < 0.005), whereas lateral rectus muscle cross sections in esotropia were up to 28% larger but only significantly larger in one plane (P < 0.02). Medial rectus contractility was increased by up to 60% in esotropic patients (P < 0.005), whereas lateral rectus contractility in esotropia was slightly but not significantly supernormal.
conclusionsMedial rectus muscle size is supernormal and lateral rectus muscle size is not subnormal in concomitant esotropia. This finding indicates that human concomitant esotropia is associated with peripheral muscular abnormality.
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