ReviewImmunology2013
SMAD regulatory networks construct a balanced immune system.
Review in Immunology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Basophils activate splenic B cells and dendritic cells via IL-13 signaling in acute traumatic brain injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Expanding the immune-related targetome of miR-155-5p by integrating time-resolved RNA patterns into miRNA target prediction.RNA biology · 2025Review
- Cell-specific epigenome-wide DNA methylation in peripheral CD4(+) lymphocytes from patients with primary biliary cholangitis.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Article
- Exploring TGF-β signaling in benign prostatic hyperplasia: from cellular senescence to fibrosis and therapeutic implications.Biogerontology · 2025Review
- A genome-wide association study identifies new loci associated with response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine in a cohort of healthy healthcare workers.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Profiling Genome-Wide Methylation Patterns in Cattle Infected withInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- PMF-GRN: a variational inference approach to single-cell gene regulatory network inference using probabilistic matrix factorization.Genome biology · 2024Article
- Fibrosis in Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Targets.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Heat-Treated ParaprobioticJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Genomic Regions Associated with Resistance to Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasites in Sheep-A Review.Genes · 2024Review
- Structure-primed embedding on the transcription factor manifold enables transparent model architectures for gene regulatory network and latent activity inference.Genome biology · 2024Article
- Effects of the commensal microbiota on spleen and mesenteric lymph node immune function: investigation in a germ-free piglet model.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Cellular mechanotransduction in health and diseases: from molecular mechanism to therapeutic targets.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- Genome-wide association analyses define pathogenic signaling pathways and prioritize drug targets for IgA nephropathy.Nature genetics · 2023Article
- Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Cancer Immunology: Opportunities for Immunotherapy.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Review
- Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis in a Patient with Myelodysplastic Syndrome with Ring Sideroblasts Treated with Luspatercept.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Article
- Effect of IL-10 Deficiency on TGFβ Expression during Fatal Alphavirus Encephalomyelitis in C57Bl/6 Mice.Viruses · 2022Article
- Identification of Novel Loci Shared by Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Subtypes Through Integrative Genetic Analysis.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Genetic variations in evolutionary accelerated regions disrupt cognition in schizophrenia.Psychiatry research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A balanced immune response requires combating infectious assaults while striving to maintain quiescence towards the self. One of the central players in this process is the pleiotropic cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), whose deficiency results in spontaneous systemic autoimmunity in mice. The dominant function of TGF-β is to regulate the peripheral immune homeostasis, particularly in the microbe-rich and antigen-rich environment of the gut. To maintain intestinal integrity, the epithelial cells, myeloid cells and lymphocytes that inhabit the gut secrete TGF-β, which acts in both paracrine and autocrine fashions to activate its signal transducers, the SMAD transcription factors. The SMAD pathway regulates the production of IgA by B cells, maintains the protective mucosal barrier and promotes the balanced differentiation of CD4(+) T cells into inflammatory T helper type 17 cells and suppressive FOXP3(+) T regulatory cells. While encounters with pathogenic microbes activate SMAD proteins to evoke a protective inflammatory immune response, SMAD activation and synergism with immunoregulatory factors such as the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid enforce immunosuppression toward commensal microbes and innocuous food antigens. Such complementary context-dependent functions of TGF-β are achieved by the co-operation of SMAD proteins with distinct dominant transcription activators and accessory chromatin modifiers. This review highlights recent advances in unravelling the molecular basis for the multi-faceted functions of TGF-β in the gut that are dictacted by fluid orchestrations of SMADs and their myriad partners.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.