ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Distinct features of neurotransmitter systems in the human brain with focus on the galanin system in locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Locus Coeruleus as a Master Regulator of Diverse Functions in the Central Nervous System: Its Relevance in Ageing and Neurodegenerative Disorders.Annals of neurosciences · 2026Review
- Galanin Receptors: G Protein-Dependent Signaling and Beyond.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Neuropeptides as transmitters and regulators of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system.Pharmacological reviews · 2025Review
- Secretome Analyses Identify FKBP4 as aInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Neuronal diversity of neuropeptide signaling, including galanin, in the mouse locus coeruleus.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- The neuropeptide landscape of human prefrontal cortex.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Cell-type specific expression and behavioral impact of galanin and GalR1 in the locus coeruleus during opioid withdrawal.Addiction biology · 2021Article
- Co-released norepinephrine and galanin act on different timescales to promote stress-induced anxiety-like behavior.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Article
- The mechanistic link between selective vulnerability of the locus coeruleus and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.Acta neuropathologica · 2021Review
- Neuropathology of the Brainstem to Mechanistically Understand and to Treat Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Involvement of Neuropeptide Galanin Receptors 2 and 3 in Learning, Memory and Anxiety in Aging Mice.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- The Locus Coeruleus Noradrenaline System in Delirium.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Review
- The Locus Coeruleus in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: A Postmortem and Brain Imaging Review.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2021Review
- Chronic Environmental or Genetic Elevation of Galanin in Noradrenergic Neurons Confers Stress Resilience in Mice.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2020Article
- Elimination of galanin synthesis in noradrenergic neurons reduces galanin in select brain areas and promotes active coping behaviors.Brain structure & function · 2020Article
- The role of co-neurotransmitters in sleep and wake regulation.Molecular psychiatry · 2019Review
- The Effects of Cobalt Protoporphyrin IX and Tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) Dimer Treatments and Its Interaction with Nitric Oxide in the Locus Coeruleus of Mice with Peripheral Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
- Galanin in an Agnathan: Precursor Identification and Localisation of Expression in the Brain of the Sea LampreyFrontiers in neuroanatomy · 2019Article
- Brainstem catecholaminergic neurones and breathing control during postnatal development in male and female rats.The Journal of physiology · 2018Article
- Temporal-Spatial Profiling of Pedunculopontine Galanin-Cholinergic Neurons in the Lactacystin Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease.Neurotoxicity research · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Using riboprobe in situ hybridization, we studied the localization of the transcripts for the neuropeptide galanin and its receptors (GalR1-R3), tryptophan hydroxylase 2, tyrosine hydroxylase, and nitric oxide synthase as well as the three vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT 1-3) in the locus coeruleus (LC) and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) regions of postmortem human brains. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used also. Galanin and GalR3 mRNA were found in many noradrenergic LC neurons, and GalR3 overlapped with serotonin neurons in the DRN. The qPCR analysis at the LC level ranked the transcripts in the following order in the LC: galanin >> GalR3 >> GalR1 > GalR2; in the DRN the ranking was galanin >> GalR3 >> GalR1 = GalR2. In forebrain regions the ranking was GalR1 > galanin > GalR2. VGLUT1 and -2 were strongly expressed in the pontine nuclei but could not be detected in LC or serotonin neurons. VGLUT2 transcripts were found in very small, nonpigmented cells in the LC and in the lateral and dorsal aspects of the periaqueductal central gray. Nitric oxide synthase was not detected in serotonin neurons. These findings show distinct differences between the human brain and rodents, especially rat, in the distribution of the galanin system and some other transmitter systems. For example, GalR3 seems to be the important galanin receptor in both the human LC and DRN versus GalR1 and -2 in the rodent brain. Such knowledge may be important when considering therapeutic principles and drug development.
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