ArticleNeurochemical research2013
The antiretroviral protease inhibitor ritonavir accelerates glutathione export from cultured primary astrocytes.
Article in Neurochemical research, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glutathione Metabolism of the Brain-The Role of Astrocytes.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
- Differential Effects of Itaconate and its Esters on the Glutathione and Glucose Metabolism of Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes.Neurochemical research · 2024Article
- Ritonavir Has Reproductive Toxicity Depending on Disrupting PI3K/PDK1/AKT Signaling Pathway.Toxics · 2024Article
- Modulation of Multidrug Resistance Protein 1-mediated Transport Processes by the Antiviral Drug Ritonavir in Cultured Primary Astrocytes.Neurochemical research · 2024Article
- Reproductive toxicity of ritonavir in male: Insight into mouse sperm capacitation.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2022Article
- The far-reaching HAND of cART: cART effects on astrocytes.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2021Review
- Dicoumarol Inhibits Multidrug Resistance Protein 1-Mediated Export Processes in Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes.Neurochemical research · 2019Article
- Effect of DJ-1 on the neuroprotection of astrocytes subjected to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2019Article
- Astrocyte Senescence and Metabolic Changes in Response to HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Drugs.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2017Article
- Drug-Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity.Drug safety · 2016Review
- Uptake, Metabolic Effects and Toxicity of Arsenate and Arsenite in Astrocytes.Neurochemical research · 2016Review
- Oxidative Stress and Neurobiology of Demyelination.Molecular neurobiology · 2016Review
- Glutathione-Dependent Detoxification Processes in Astrocytes.Neurochemical research · 2015Review
- Antiretroviral protease inhibitors accelerate glutathione export from viable cultured rat neurons.Neurochemical research · 2014Article
- Comparison of primary and secondary rat astrocyte cultures regarding glucose and glutathione metabolism and the accumulation of iron oxide nanoparticles.Neurochemical research · 2014Article
- 8-Hydroxy-efavirenz, the primary metabolite of the antiretroviral drug Efavirenz, stimulates the glycolytic flux in cultured rat astrocytes.Neurochemical research · 2013Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antiretroviral protease inhibitors are a class of important drugs that are used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infections. Among those compounds, ritonavir is applied frequently in combination with other antiretroviral protease inhibitors, as it has been reported to boost their therapeutic efficiency. To test whether ritonavir affects the viability and the glutathione (GSH) metabolism of brain cells, we have exposed primary astrocyte cultures to this protease inhibitor. Application of ritonavir in low micromolar concentrations did not compromise cell viability, but caused a time- and concentration-dependent loss of GSH from the cells which was accompanied by a matching increase in the extracellular GSH content. Half-maximal effects were observed for ritonavir in a concentration of 3 μM. The ritonavir-induced stimulated GSH export from astrocytes was completely prevented by MK571, an inhibitor of the multidrug resistance protein 1. In addition, continuous presence of ritonavir was essential to maintain the stimulated GSH export, since removal of ritonavir terminated the stimulated GSH export. Ritonavir was more potent to stimulate GSH export from astrocytes than the antiretroviral protease inhibitors indinavir and nelfinavir, but combinations of ritonavir with indinavir or nelfinavir did not further stimulate astrocytic GSH export compared to a treatment with ritonavir alone. The strong effects of ritonavir and other antiretroviral protease inhibitors on the GSH metabolism of astrocytes suggest that a chronic treatment of patients with such compounds may affect their brain GSH metabolism.
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