SynthesisBMC medicine2013
Systematic review and meta-analysis: influence of smoking cessation on incidence of pneumonia in HIV.
Synthesis in BMC medicine, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global prevalence, mortality, and main characteristics of HIV-associated pneumocystosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Sex Differences in Tobacco Use Among Persons Living With HIV/AIDS: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2017Pooled it
- An Algorithm Approach to Determining Smoking Cessation Treatment for Persons Living With HIV/AIDS: Results of a Pilot Trial.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2015Trial
- A qualitative investigation of tobacco use and cessation experiences among people living with HIV in Botswana.Discover public health · 2026Article
- Pneumonia incidence and determinants in South Punjab, Pakistan (2016-2020): a spatial epidemiological study at Tehsil-level.International journal of health geographics · 2025Article
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in People with HIV: an Evidence-Based Review.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Review
- Influenza A virus within-host evolution and positive selection in a densely sampled household cohort over three seasons.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Design and rationale of the Botswana Smoking Abstinence Reinforcement Trial: a protocol for a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial.Implementation science communications · 2024Article
- Influenza A virus within-host evolution and positive selection in a densely sampled household cohort over three seasons.Virus evolution · 2024Article
- The Relationship Between Cigarette Dependence and Cessation Methods: Implications for Smoking Cessation Among People With HIV.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2023Article
- COPD in People with HIV: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Management, and Prevention Strategies.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2023Review
- Tobacco Use and Treatment of Tobacco Dependence Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Practical Guide for Clinicians.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Self-control and smoking in a sample of adults living with HIV/AIDS: A cross-sectional survey.Addictive behaviors · 2021Article
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in HIV.Expert review of respiratory medicine · 2021Review
- Relationships among Self-Efficacy, Quality of Life, Perceived Vulnerability, and Readiness to Quit Smoking in People Living with HIV.Journal of smoking cessation · 2021Article
- Smoking and cessation treatment among persons with and without HIV in a U.S. integrated health system.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Update on the approach to smoking in patients with respiratory diseases.Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia · 2019Review
- Substance Use Among Older People Living With HIV: Challenges for Health Care Providers.Frontiers in public health · 2019Review
- Tobacco Use and Sustained Viral Suppression in Youth Living with HIV.AIDS and behavior · 2018Article
- Treating tobacco dependence: guidance for primary care on life-saving interventions. Position statement of the IPCRG.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSmoking is common in people infected with HIV but cessation support is not a routine part of clinical care. The aim was to assess whether smoking is a risk factor for pneumonia in people with HIV and whether smoking cessation ameliorates excess risk.
methodsWe performed MEDLINE and Embase database searches and included cohort or case-control studies conducted in adult patients infected with HIV extracting a hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio (OR) that compared the incidence of bacterial pneumonia or pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (PCP) between two smoking categories. Studies were appraised for quality and combined using inverse variance meta-analysis.
resultsFourteen cohort and case-control studies were included. Assessment of outcome was good, but assessment of exposure status was poor. Current smokers were at higher risk of bacterial pneumonia than former smokers: HR 1.37 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.78). There was no evidence that former smokers were at higher risk than never smokers: HR 1.24 (95%CI: 0.96, 1.60). Current smokers were at higher risk of bacterial pneumonia than current non-smokers: HR of 1.73 (95%CI: 1.44, 2.06). There was no evidence that smoking increased the incidence of PCP. The HR for current versus non-smokers was 0.94 (95%CI: 0.79, 1.12), but from case-control studies the OR was 1.76 (95%CI: 1.25, 2.48) with heterogeneity. Confined to higher quality studies, the OR was 0.97 (95%CI: 0.81, 1.16). Residual confounding is possible, but available data suggest this is not an adequate explanation.
conclusionsSmoking is a risk factor for bacterial pneumonia but not PCP and smoking cessation reduces this risk.See related article: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/16.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.