ArticleThe Prostate2013
Consumption of deep-fried foods and risk of prostate cancer.
Article in The Prostate, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Potato Consumption and Risk of Site-Specific Cancers in Adults: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Pooled it
- Potential Adverse Public Health Effects Afforded by the Ingestion of Dietary Lipid Oxidation Product Toxins: Significance of Fried Food Sources.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Ambient aromatic hydrocarbons and prostate cancer: mechanistic evidence linking benzene and PAH exposure to tumor progression.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Ultra-processed food and risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Effects of jujube and barberry extracts on the acrylamide formation in French fries in deep fryers and microwaves.Food chemistry: X · 2025Article
- Formation of the toxic furan metabolite 2-butene-1,4-dial through hemin-induced degradation of 2,4-alkadienals in fried foods.Genes and environment : the official journal of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society · 2025Article
- Feeding rats with used cooking oil elevates malondialdehyde, TNF-α, and creatinine compared toNarra J · 2024Article
- Biological and clinical significance of the AGE-RAGE axis in the aggressiveness and prognosis of prostate cancer.Journal of food and drug analysis · 2023Article
- Formation of the mutagenic DNA lesion 1,NGenes and environment : the official journal of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society · 2023Article
- Dietary Heat-Treatment Contaminants Exposure and Cancer: A Case Study from Turkey.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Thermal Degradation of Vegetable Oils.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Evidence-Based Challenges to the Continued Recommendation and Use of Peroxidatively-Susceptible Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Culinary Oils for High-Temperature Frying Practises: Experimental Revelations Focused on Toxic Aldehydic Lipid Oxidation Products.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Review
- The Association between Seafood Intake and Fecundability: Analysis from Two Prospective Studies.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Glycidamide Promotes the Growth and Migratory Ability of Prostate Cancer Cells by Changing the Protein Expression of Cell Cycle Regulators and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)-Associated Proteins with Prognostic Relevance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
- Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer.World journal of oncology · 2019Review
- Chronic non-communicable disease risks presented by lipid oxidation products in fried foods.Hepatobiliary surgery and nutrition · 2018Article
- Maternal intake of fried foods and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus.Annals of epidemiology · 2017Article
- Mortality outcomes associated with intake of fast-food items and sugar-sweetened drinks among older adults in the Vitamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) study.Public health nutrition · 2016Article
- Deep-fried oil consumption in rats impairs glycerolipid metabolism, gut histology and microbiota structure.Lipids in health and disease · 2016Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEvidence suggests that high-heat cooking methods may increase the risk of prostate cancer (PCa). The addition of oil/fat, as in deep-frying, may be of particular concern, and has not specifically been investigated in relation to PCa. Potential mechanisms include the formation of potentially carcinogenic agents such as aldehydes, acrolein, heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and acrylamide.
methodsWe estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between tertiles of intake of deep-fried foods from a food frequency questionnaire (French fries, fried chicken, fried fish, doughnuts and snack chips) and PCa risk, adjusted for potential confounders, among 1,549 cases and 1,492 controls. We additionally examined associations with more aggressive PCa (defined as regional/distant stage, elevated Gleason score or prostate-specific antigen level).
resultsCompared with <1/week, there was a positive association with PCa risk for intake ≥1/week of French fries (OR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.11-1.69), fried chicken (OR = 1.30; 95% CI, 1.04-1.62), fried fish (OR = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.05-1.66), and doughnuts (OR = 1.35; 95% CI, 1.11-1.66). There was no association for snack chips (OR = 1.08; 95% CI, 0.89-1.32). Most of the estimates were slightly stronger for more aggressive disease (OR = 1.41; 95% CI, 1.04-1.92 for fried fish).
conclusionRegular consumption of select deep-fried foods is associated with increased PCa risk. Whether this risk is specific to deep-fried foods, or whether it represents risk associated with regular intake of foods exposed to high heat and/or other aspects of the Western lifestyle, such as fast food consumption, remains to be determined.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.