ReviewPLoS pathogens2013
Viral and bacterial interactions in the upper respiratory tract.
Review in PLoS pathogens, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 346 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
346 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 653 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanistic Models of Virus-Bacteria Co-Infections in Humans: A Systematic Review of Methods and Assumptions.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- The Role of Herpes Viruses in Pulmonary Fibrosis.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Weekly azithromycin for 48 weeks impacts nasopharyngeal microbial prevalence and Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in children with HIV-associated chronic lung disease.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Causes of fever in primary care in Southeast Asia and the performance of C-reactive protein in discriminating bacterial from viral pathogens.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Indirect Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Pneumococcal Colonization: Persistence and Dynamics of Vaccine Serotypes in Sicily (Italy) 11 Years Postintroduction, 2009-2020.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Respiratory Pathogen Co-Detection in Hospitalized Infants with Bronchiolitis and Implementation of Universal Nirsevimab Immunoprophylaxis: A Six-Year Observational Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Serum Interferon-γ Is Associated With RefractoryJournal of Korean medical science · 2026Article
- Article
- Concomitant circulation of lentiviruses and Mycoplasma spp. in dairy goats: a clinical and multi-sample diagnostic approach.Veterinary research communications · 2026Article
- Pneumococcal Detection and Bacterial Co-Detection in Children After COVID-19: A Two-Year Multiplex PCR Study.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Factors influencing preterm infant microbiota and their role in wheezing development.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Pneumococcus uses COMMD2 to alter host cellular immunity.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Myeloid Cell States in Influenza-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis Are Shaped by Iron Overload and Metabolic Reprogramming.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Mucosal T cell activation pathways are upregulated by equine herpesvirus type 1 infection.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Article
- Epidemiological characteristics of human coronaviruses among populations with acute respiratory infections: surveillance data from jing'an district, Shanghai, 2024-2025.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Clinical impact of targeted next-generation sequencing in paediatric pneumonia management: a real-world study evaluating diagnostic concordance and antimicrobial stewardship across multiple specimen types.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Streamlining protocols for the establishment of a physical biobank of respiratory viruses in the Philippines.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Assessment of the bacterial community of the human upper respiratory tract in patients affected by Covid-19.Genetics and molecular biology · 2026Article
286 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Respiratory infectious diseases are mainly caused by viruses or bacteria that often interact with one another. Although their presence is a prerequisite for subsequent infections, viruses and bacteria may be present in the nasopharynx without causing any respiratory symptoms. The upper respiratory tract hosts a vast range of commensals and potential pathogenic bacteria, which form a complex microbial community. This community is assumed to be constantly subject to synergistic and competitive interspecies interactions. Disturbances in the equilibrium, for instance due to the acquisition of new bacteria or viruses, may lead to overgrowth and invasion. A better understanding of the dynamics between commensals and pathogens in the upper respiratory tract may provide better insight into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Here we review the current knowledge regarding specific bacterial-bacterial and viral-bacterial interactions that occur in the upper respiratory niche, and discuss mechanisms by which these interactions might be mediated. Finally, we propose a theoretical model to summarize and illustrate these mechanisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.