ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2013
Comparison of individual-level versus area-level socioeconomic measures in assessing health outcomes of children in Olmsted County, Minnesota.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Associations of family socioeconomic indicators and physical activity of primary school-aged children: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Mediators of socioeconomic inequalities in preterm birth: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Assessing demographic access to hip replacement surgery in the United Kingdom: a systematic review.International journal for equity in health · 2021Pooled it
- Social inequalities in antidepressant treatment outcomes: a systematic review.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2020Pooled it
- A systematic review of reasons for and against asking patients about their socioeconomic contexts.International journal for equity in health · 2019Pooled it
- Association of neighborhood context with offspring risk of preterm birth and low birthweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2016Pooled it
- Socioeconomic position and childhood-adolescent weight status in rich countries: a systematic review, 1990-2013.BMC pediatrics · 2015Pooled it
- Beyond biological risk: socioeconomic vulnerability and adverse pediatric kidney transplant outcomes.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Differences in socio-demographic and environmental exposures at home vs. school in the ECHO cohort.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Incorporating polygenic risk scores and social determinants of health across populations: Considerations and best practices in research.American journal of human genetics · 2026Review
- Differential Associations Between Family Socioeconomic Position and Neighborhood Economic Conditions Versus Safety by Race in the United States.Social science insights and applications · 2026Article
- Precision risk assessment for pediatric hospitalization using address-level data in Cincinnati, Ohio.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- Socio-economic position and the prevalence of ten chronic diseases in Australia, 2021: a whole of population census data analysis.The Medical journal of Australia · 2025Article
- Utilize administrative data to assess impact of individual-level and neighborhood-level socioeconomic status on childhood health in a longitudinal study.Public health · 2025Observational
- Maternal social deprivation and preterm birth: The PreCARE cohort study.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic Inequities in Preemptive Kidney Transplantation and Graft Survival: An Innovative Approach to Identifying Disparities in Kidney Transplantation.Transplantation direct · 2025Article
- Social needs screening in primary care: A tool in the fight for health equity?Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Rural Health Disparities in Allergy, Asthma, and Immunologic Diseases: The Current State and Future Direction for Clinical Care and Research.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2024Review
- Individual-level social determinants of health and disparities in access to kidney transplant and waitlist mortality.PloS one · 2024Article
- Associations of Area-Level and Parental Individual-Level Social Deprivation with Glycemic Control over Time among Children with Type 1 Diabetes in France: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.Pediatric diabetes · 2024Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSocioeconomic status (SES) is an important determinant of health, but SES measures are frequently unavailable in commonly used datasets. Area-level SES measures are used as proxy measures of individual SES when the individual measures are lacking. Little is known about the agreement between individual-level versus area-level SES measures in mixed urban-rural settings.
methodsWe identified SES agreement by comparing information from telephone self-reported SES levels and SES calculated from area-level SES measures. We assessed the impact of this agreement on reported associations between SES and rates of childhood obesity, low birth weight <2500 g and smoking within the household in a mixed urban-rural setting.
results750 households were surveyed with a response rate of 62%: 51% male, 89% Caucasian; mean child age 9.5 years. Individual-level self-reported income was more strongly associated with all three childhood health outcomes compared to area-level SES. We found significant disagreement rates of 22-31%. The weighted Cohen's κ indices ranged from 0.15 to 0.22, suggesting poor agreement between individual-level and area-level measures.
conclusionIn a mixed urban-rural setting comprised of both rural and urbanised areas, area-level SES proxy measures significantly disagree with individual SES measures, and have different patterns of association with health outcomes from individual-level SES measures. Area-level SES may be an unsuitable proxy for SES when individual rather than community characteristics are of primary concern.
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