ArticleJournal of the American Heart Association2012
Growth differentiation factor-15 deficiency inhibits atherosclerosis progression by regulating interleukin-6-dependent inflammatory response to vascular injury.
Article in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 162 citations in OpenAlex.
- Growth differentiation factor 15 as a potential diagnostic biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis : a systematic review.Bone & joint research · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of the neuroprotective role and biomarker potential of GDF15 in neurodegeneration.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Association of macrophage inhibitory factor -1 polymorphisms with antiviral efficacy of type 1b chronic hepatitis C.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2021Trial
- Association of Multiple Biomarkers With Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality After Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Secondary Analysis of the PLATO Biomarker Study.JAMA cardiology · 2018Trial
- Growth Differentiation Factor 15 at 1 Month After an Acute Coronary Syndrome Is Associated With Increased Risk of Major Bleeding.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2017Trial
- The correlation of serum growth differentiation factor-15 level in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.BioMed research international · 2015Trial
- Proteomic Mediators Linking Autoimmune Diseases to Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events: Insights from the UK Biobank.Proteomes · 2026Article
- GDF15 in Liver Fibrosis: Molecular Mechanisms, Immunoregulatory Functions, and Therapeutic Potential.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Structure-guided identification of small molecules potentially able to modulate GDF15 activity.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Spleen Promotes Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell Angiogenesis by Stimulating the TGFβ/Smad2/3 Pathway Through GDF15.Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- GDF15 as a sentinel of metabolic integrity: a narrative review of stress signaling, multisystem pathophysiology, and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) as an emerging biomarker for cardiovascular and kidney diseases, a therapeutic target in cancer and a potential biomarker for preeclampsia.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Development of a nomogram for predicting incident heart failure and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: a 3-year follow-up study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Association Between Growth Differentiation Factor-15 and Coagulation Parameters in Male Chinese Patients With Coronary Artery Disease.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- The Effect of Thyroid Function on GDF15 Levels.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- GDF15: An emerging disease target and biomarker of metabolic diseases.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2025Review
- GDF-15 and uEGF Independently Associate With CKD Progression in Children.Kidney international reports · 2025Article
- Association of macrophage migration-inhibitory factor gene and growth differentiation factor 15 gene polymorphisms and their circulating levels with respiratory distress syndrome among preterm neonates.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2025Article
- Sex steroid hormones drive dimorphic responses in GDF15-deficient mouse models of cardiometabolic diseases.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Emerging Roles of GDF15 in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Review
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGrowth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is a distant and divergent member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily (TGF-β) . There is growing evidence indicating the involvement of GDF-15 in various pathologies. Expression of GDF-15 is induced under conditions of inflammation and increased GDF-15 serum levels are suggested as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. METHODS AND
resultsWe show here that GDF-15 and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 levels are highly increased (5-fold) in cultured oxidized low-density lipoproteins-stimulated peritoneal macrophages derived from GDF-15(+/+)/apolipoprotein (apo) E(-/-), mice. Notably, IL-6 induction on oxidized low-density lipoproteins stimulation is completely abolished in the absence of GDF-15. Consistent with our in vitro data GDF-15 mRNA expression and protein levels are upregulated (2.5- to 6-fold) in the atherosclerotic vessel wall of GDF-15(+/+)/apoE(-/-) mice after a cholesterol-enriched diet. GDF-15 deficiency inhibits lumen stenosis (52%) and (18)FDG uptake (34%) in the aortic arch despite increased serum triglyceride/cholesterol levels and elevated body weight. Immunohistomorphometric investigations of atherosclerotic lesions reveal a decreased percentage of inflammatory CD11b(+) (57%) or IL-6(+), leukocytes, and apoptotic cells (74%) after 20 weeks. However, the total number of macrophages and cell density in atherosclerotic lesions of the innominate artery are increased in GDF-15(-/-)/apoE(-/-) mice.
conclusionsOur data suggest that GDF-15 is involved in orchestrating atherosclerotic lesion progression by regulating apoptotic cell death and IL-6-dependent inflammatory responses to vascular injury.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.