Evidence map›Paper›PMID 23316152›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in human neuroscience2012

Gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for autism spectrum conditions.

Paul Whiteley, Paul Shattock, Ann-Mari Knivsberg, Anders Seim, Karl L Reichelt, Lynda Todd, Kevin Carr, Malcolm Hooper

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02911194 (A1 Beta Casein Free Milk), which is not on this map. Cited by 41 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
41citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT02911194 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2016, after this paper: background citation

A1 Beta Casein Free Milk (a2 Milk) for Autism and Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

TypeinterventionalSponsorNorthumbria UniversityRan2016 to 2018Enrolled40ConditionsAutism, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum DisorderArmsa2 milk, a1 containing milk
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

41 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  11. Dietary Factors Impact Developmental Trajectories in Young Autistic Children.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2024
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Paul WhiteleyESPA Research, The Robert Luff Laboratory, Unit 133i Business and Innovation Centre Sunderland, UK.
Paul Shattock
Ann-Mari Knivsberg
Anders Seim
Karl L Reichelt
Lynda Todd
Kevin Carr
Malcolm Hooper

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Dietary intervention as a tool for maintaining and improving physical health and wellbeing is a widely researched and discussed topic. Speculation that diet may similarly affect mental health and wellbeing particularly in cases of psychiatric and behavioral symptomatology opens up various avenues for potentially improving quality of life. We examine evidence suggestive that a gluten-free (GF), casein-free (CF), or gluten- and casein-free diet (GFCF) can ameliorate core and peripheral symptoms and improve developmental outcome in some cases of autism spectrum conditions. Although not wholly affirmative, the majority of published studies indicate statistically significant positive changes to symptom presentation following dietary intervention. In particular, changes to areas of communication, attention, and hyperactivity are detailed, despite the presence of various methodological shortcomings. Specific characteristics of best- and non-responders to intervention have not been fully elucidated; neither has the precise mode of action for any universal effect outside of known individual cases of food-related co-morbidity. With the publication of controlled medium- and long-term group studies of a gluten- and casein-free diet alongside more consolidated biological findings potentially linked to intervention, the appearance of a possible diet-related autism phenotype seems to be emerging supportive of a positive dietary effect in some cases. Further debate on whether such dietary intervention should form part of best practice guidelines for autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) and onward representative of an autism dietary-sensitive enteropathy is warranted.

Indexed as

autismbraincaseindietgastrointestinalgluteninterventionintestinal permeability

Identifiers

PMID23316152
PMCPMC3540005

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.