ReviewGlycobiology2013
Hypotheses on the evolution of hyaluronan: a highly ironic acid.
Review in Glycobiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Keratan Sulfate: An Electroconductive Glycosaminoglycan at the Interface of Sensory Perception and Neural Signaling.Journal of neuroscience research · 2026Review
- Ancestral Origin and Functional Expression of a Hyaluronic Acid Pathway Complement in Mussels.Biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Genetic Deficiencies of Hyaluronan Degradation.Cells · 2024Review
- Hyaluronan: Sources, Structure, Features and Applications.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- An in situ digital synthesis strategy for the discovery and description of ocean life.Science advances · 2024Article
- Clinical Implications of the Fascial System: A Commentary on One Surgeon's Journey.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- 'Two-faces' of hyaluronan, a dynamic barometer of disease progression in tumor microenvironment.Discover oncology · 2023Review
- Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Roles of Fascial Hyaluronan in Obesity-Related Myofascial Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Standard Candles for Dating Microbial Lineages.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Antitumor effect of 4MU on glioblastoma cells is mediated by senescence induction and CD44, RHAMM and p-ERK modulation.Cell death discovery · 2021Article
- RHAMM Is a Multifunctional Protein That Regulates Cancer Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Furnishing Wound Repair by the Subcutaneous Fascia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Cell Energy Metabolism and Hyaluronan Synthesis.The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society · 2021Review
- Characterization of C. elegans Chondroitin Proteoglycans and Their Large Functional and Structural Heterogeneity; Evolutionary Aspects on Structural Differences Between Humans and the Nematode.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2021Review
- Review
- Anionic and zwitterionic moieties as widespread glycan modifications in non-vertebrates.Glycoconjugate journal · 2020Review
- Article
- Hyaluronan abrogates imatinib-induced senescence in chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- TMEM2: A missing link in hyaluronan catabolism identified?Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a high-molecular-weight glycosaminoglycan (GAG) prominent in the extracellular matrix. Emerging relatively late in evolution, it may have evolved to evade immune recognition. Chondroitin is a more ancient GAG and a possible hyaluronan precursor. Epimerization of a 4-hydroxyl in N-acetylgalactosamine in chondroitin to N-acetylglucosamine of hyaluronan is the only structural difference other than chain length between these two polymers. The axial 4-hydroxyl group extends out perpendicular from the equatorial plane of N-acetylgalactosamine in chondroitin. We suspect that this hydroxyl is a prime target for immune recognition. Conversion of a thumbs-up hydroxyl group into a thumbs-down position in the plane of the sugar endows hyaluronan with the ability to avoid immune recognition. Chitin is another potential precursor to hyaluronan. But regardless whether of chondroitin or of chitin origin, an ancient chondroitinase enzyme sequence seems to have been commandeered to catalyze the cleavage of the new hyaluronan substrate. The evolution of six hyaluronidase-like sequences in the human genome from a single chondroitinase as found in Caenorhabditis elegans can now be traced. Confirming our previous predictions, two duplication events occurred, with three hyaluronidase-like sequences occurring in the genome of Ciona intestinalis (sea squirt), the earliest known chordate. This was probably followed by en masse duplication, with six such genes present in the genome of zebra fish onwards. These events occurred, however, much earlier than predicted. It is also apparent on an evolutionary time scale that in several species, this gene family is continuing to evolve.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.