ArticleCell metabolism2013
Trimethylamine-N-oxide, a metabolite associated with atherosclerosis, exhibits complex genetic and dietary regulation.
Article in Cell metabolism, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04510324 (Plant-Based Meat vs Animal "Red" Meat), which is not on this map. Cited by 594 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Plant-Based Meat vs Animal "Red" Meat: a Randomized Cross-over Trial
Who cites it
594 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,042 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Weight Loss Interventions on Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Linked to Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of TMAO, microRNAs, and the oral/gut microbiomes in atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction: mechanistic insights and translational opportunities.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Pooled it
- The Impact of Egg Consumption on Gastrointestinal Health: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- The microbiome-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide is associated with chronic kidney disease risk.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Pooled it
- Prognostic Value of Serum TMAO Measurement in Patients with STEMI: A Systematic Literature Review.Current vascular pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Gut microbiota-derived trimethylamine N-oxide is associated with the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Dietary intervention improves metabolic levels in patients with type 2 diabetes through the gut microbiota: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- The relationship between trimethylamine-N-oxide and the risk of acute ischemic stroke: A dose‒response meta-analysis.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Processed plant-based meat-supplemented diet versus red meat-based supplemented diet randomized cross-over trial Finding Optimal Oral Diet-1 (FOOD-1) trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Effect of dietary fiber on trimethylamine-N-oxide production after beef consumption and on gut microbiota: MEATMARK - a randomized cross-over study.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Trial
- Plasma Trimethylamine-Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Trial
- Effects of altered salt intake and diet on cytokines in humans: A 20-week randomized cross-over intervention study.European journal of immunology · 2023Trial
- Review
- Sex differences in the gut microbiome and related metabolites: role in cardiometabolic disease.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Targeting FMO3 suppresses the malignant phenotype of colorectal cancer: evidence from bioinformatics to functional experiments.Future science OA · 2026Article
- Toxic Metals and Metalloids Exposure and the Gut-Cardiometabolic Axis: A Narrative Review of Microbiome Dysbiosis, Gut Barrier Dysfunction, and Metabolic Inflammation.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Review
- Dietary modulation of the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes and obesity: mechanisms, interventions, and clinical perspectives.Acta diabetologica · 2026Review
- The Gut-Heart-Kidney Axis in Heart Failure: Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Beyond-A State-of-the-Art Review.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- The Role of the Gut Microbiome in the Relationship Between the Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Risk.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2026Review
- The TMAO Metabolic Axis in Vascular Disease: A Position Paper on Redox Mechanisms and Priorities for Clinical Translation.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
534 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Circulating trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels are strongly associated with atherosclerosis. We now examine genetic, dietary, and hormonal factors regulating TMAO levels. We demonstrate that two flavin mono-oxygenase family members, FMO1 and FMO3, oxidize trimethylamine (TMA), derived from gut flora metabolism of choline, to TMAO. Further, we show that FMO3 exhibits 10-fold higher specific activity than FMO1. FMO3 overexpression in mice significantly increases plasma TMAO levels while silencing FMO3 decreases TMAO levels. In both humans and mice, hepatic FMO3 expression is reduced in males compared to females. In mice, this reduction in FMO3 expression is due primarily to downregulation by androgens. FMO3 expression is induced by dietary bile acids by a mechanism that involves the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid-activated nuclear receptor. Analysis of natural genetic variation among inbred strains of mice indicates that FMO3 and TMAO are significantly correlated, and TMAO levels explain 11% of the variation in atherosclerosis.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.