ArticlePloS one2013
All-trans retinoic acid in combination with primaquine clears pneumocystis infection.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantification of All-Trans Retinoic Acid and Cytokine Levels After Fungal, Viral and Bacterial Infections in the Lung.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Advances in the study of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in infectious lung diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of primaquine enantiomers in mice.Malaria journal · 2022Article
- Review
- AllCurrent research in immunology · 2022Review
- Retinoids in Fungal Infections: From Bench to Bedside.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Trifarotene: A Current Review and Perspectives in Dermatology.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Antifungal Effect of All-Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2021Article
- Immunosenescence: the potential role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in age-related immune deficiency.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2019Review
- MDSCs in infectious diseases: regulation, roles, and readjustment.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2019Review
- Janus-Faced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Exosomes for the Good and the Bad in Cancer and Autoimmune Disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Mechanisms of Action of Vitamin D as Supplemental Therapy for Pneumocystis Pneumonia.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2017Article
- Fungistatic activity of all-trans retinoic acid against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans.Drug design, development and therapy · 2016Article
- Vitamin D as Supplemental Therapy for Pneumocystis Pneumonia.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2015Article
- The retinoic acid receptor-α modulators ATRA and Ro415253 reciprocally regulate human IL-5+ Th2 cell proliferation and cytokine expression.Clinical and molecular allergy : CMA · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) develops in immunocompromised patients. Alveolar macrophages play a key role in the recognition, phagocytosis, and degradation of Pneumocystis, but their number is decreased in PcP. Our study of various inflammatory components during PcP found that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) accumulate in the lungs of mice and rats with Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP). We hypothesized that treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a metabolite of vitamin A, may effectively control Pneumocystis (Pc) infection by inducing MDSCs to differentiate to AMs. In rodent models of PcP, we found that 5 weeks of ATRA treatment reduced the number of MDSCs in the lungs and increased the number of AMs which cleared Pc infection. We also found that ATRA in combination with primaquine was as effective as the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethaxazole for treatment of PcP and completely eliminated MDSCs and Pc organisms in the lungs in two weeks. No relapse of PcP was seen after three weeks of the ATRA-primaquine combination treatment. Prolonged survival of Pc-infected animals was also achieved by this regimen. This is the very first successful development of a therapeutic regimen for PcP that combines an immune modulator with an antibiotic, enabling the hosts to effectively defend the infection. Results of our study may serve as a model for development of novel therapies for other infections with MDSC accumulation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.