ArticlePLoS pathogens2012
Transmission of equine influenza virus during an outbreak is characterized by frequent mixed infections and loose transmission bottlenecks.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed.
- Equine influenza virus at 70: What horses taught us about flu.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Viral expansion after transfer is a primary driver of influenza A virus transmission bottlenecks.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Viral expansion after transfer is a primary driver of influenza A virus transmission bottlenecks.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Using homologous network to identify reassortment risk in H5Nx avian influenza viruses.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Barcoded SARS-CoV-2 viruses define the impact of duration and route of exposure on the transmission bottleneck in a hamster model.Science advances · 2025Article
- Barcoded SARS-CoV-2 viruses define the impact of time and route of transmission on the transmission bottleneck in a Syrian hamster model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Loss to gain: pseudogenes in microorganisms, focusing on eubacteria, and their biological significance.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Emergence of equine influenza virus H3Nx Florida clade 2 in Arabian racehorses in Egypt.Virology journal · 2022Article
- Swine H1N1 Influenza Virus Variants with Enhanced Polymerase Activity and HA Stability Promote Airborne Transmission in Ferrets.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Methods Combining Genomic and Epidemiological Data in the Reconstruction of Transmission Trees: A Systematic Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Opposite Outcomes of the Within-Host Competition between High- and Low-Pathogenic H5N8 Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens Compared to Ducks.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Equine Influenza.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2022Review
- Characterizing viral within-host diversity in fast and non-equilibrium demo-genetic dynamics.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Cross-scale dynamics and the evolutionary emergence of infectious diseases.Virus evolution · 2021Article
- Quantifying between-Host Transmission in Influenza Virus Infections.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2020Review
- Estimating viral bottleneck sizes for FMDV transmission within and between hosts and implications for the rate of viral evolution.Interface focus · 2020Article
- Inferring epidemiological links from deep sequencing data: a statistical learning approach for human, animal and plant diseases.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2019Article
- Fogarty International Center collaborative networks in infectious disease modeling: Lessons learnt in research and capacity building.Epidemics · 2019Review
- Within-Host Evolution of Human Influenza Virus.Trends in microbiology · 2018Review
- Stochastic processes constrain the within and between host evolution of influenza virus.eLife · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The ability of influenza A viruses (IAVs) to cross species barriers and evade host immunity is a major public health concern. Studies on the phylodynamics of IAVs across different scales - from the individual to the population - are essential for devising effective measures to predict, prevent or contain influenza emergence. Understanding how IAVs spread and evolve during outbreaks is critical for the management of epidemics. Reconstructing the transmission network during a single outbreak by sampling viral genetic data in time and space can generate insights about these processes. Here, we obtained intra-host viral sequence data from horses infected with equine influenza virus (EIV) to reconstruct the spread of EIV during a large outbreak. To this end, we analyzed within-host viral populations from sequences covering 90% of the infected yards. By combining gene sequence analyses with epidemiological data, we inferred a plausible transmission network, in turn enabling the comparison of transmission patterns during the course of the outbreak and revealing important epidemiological features that were not apparent using either approach alone. The EIV populations displayed high levels of genetic diversity, and in many cases we observed distinct viral populations containing a dominant variant and a number of related minor variants that were transmitted between infectious horses. In addition, we found evidence of frequent mixed infections and loose transmission bottlenecks in these naturally occurring populations. These frequent mixed infections likely influence the size of epidemics.
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