ArticleJournal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society2013
Transfection efficiency and transgene expression kinetics of mRNA delivered in naked and nanoparticle format.
Article in Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review on vaccine developmental approaches: Evaluating efficacy, and addressing challenges of infectious diseases in the post-COVID-19 era.Virus research · 2026Pooled it
- Influenza A virus derived NS1 enhances translation of HPLC purified mRNA and interferon adjuvanted mRNA vaccination.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Developing Biomaterial-Based mRNA Delivery System for Lung Disease Treatment.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Lipid nanoparticles: Composition, formulation, and application.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2025Review
- Recent strategies for enhanced delivery of mRNA to the lungs.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2025Review
- Enhancing Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Generation via Microfluidic Mechanoporation and Lipid Nanoparticles.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Review
- Realizing time-staggered expression of nucleic acid-encoded proteins by co-delivery of messenger RNA and plasmid DNA on a single nanocarrier.Drug delivery and translational research · 2024Article
- Branched-Tail Lipid Nanoparticles for Intravenous mRNA Delivery to Lung Immune, Endothelial, and Alveolar Cells in Mice.Advanced healthcare materials · 2024Article
- Article
- Recent Review on Biological Barriers and Host-Material Interfaces in Precision Drug Delivery: Advancement in Biomaterial Engineering for Better Treatment Therapies.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Temporal restriction of Cas9 expression improves CRISPR-mediated deletion efficacy and fidelity.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2024Article
- Novel Efficient Lipid-Based Delivery Systems Enable a Delayed Uptake and Sustained Expression of mRNA in Human Cells and Mouse Tissues.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Delivery of mRNA with Histidine-Lysine Peptides.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Path towards mRNA delivery for cancer immunotherapy from bench to bedside.Theranostics · 2024Review
- Local application of engineered insulin-like growth factor I mRNA demonstrates regenerative therapeutic potentialMolecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2023Article
- The mixing method used to formulate lipid nanoparticles affects mRNA delivery efficacy and organ tropism.European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V · 2023Article
- Delivery of gene editing therapeutics.Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine · 2023Review
- Review
- Improved tropoelastin synthesis in the skin by codon optimization and nucleotide modification of tropoelastin-encoding synthetic mRNA.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2023Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Transfection efficiencies and transgene expression kinetics of messenger RNA (mRNA), an emerging class of nucleic acid-based therapeutics, have been poorly characterized. In this study, we evaluated transfection efficiencies of mRNA delivered in naked and nanoparticle format in vitro and in vivo using GFP and luciferase as reporters. While mRNA nanoparticles transfect primary human and mouse dendritic cells (DCs) efficiently in vitro, naked mRNA could not produce any detectable gene product. The protein expression of nanoparticle-mediated transfection in vitro peaks rapidly within 5-7h and decays in a biphasic manner. In vivo, naked mRNA is more efficient than mRNA nanoparticles when administered subcutaneously. In contrast, mRNA nanoparticle performs better when administered intranasally and intravenously. Gene expression is most transient when delivered intravenously in nanoparticle format with an apparent half-life of 1.4h and lasts less than 24h, and most sustained when delivered in the naked format subcutaneously at the base of tail with an apparent half-life of 18h and persists for at least 6days. Notably, exponential decreases in protein expression are consistently observed post-delivery of mRNA in vivo regardless of the mode of delivery (naked or nanoparticle) or the site of administration. This study elucidates the performance of mRNA transfection and suggests a niche for mRNA therapeutics when predictable in vivo transgene expression kinetics is imperative.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.