ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2013
The relative contribution of co-infection to focal infection risk in children.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Agricultural land-uses consistently exacerbate infectious disease risks in Southeast Asia.Nature communications · 2019Pooled it
- Association between footwear use and neglected tropical diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2014Pooled it
- Hematological and biochemical profiles, infection and habitat quality in an urban rat population.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Factors associated with hookworm and Schistosoma mansoni infections among school-aged children in Mayuge district, Uganda.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Trickle infection and immunity to Trichuris muris.PLoS pathogens · 2019Article
- Opposite outcomes of coinfection at individual and population scales.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2018Article
- Disentangling complex parasite interactions: Protection against cerebral malaria by one helminth species is jeopardized by co-infection with another.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2018Article
- Parasite community dynamics in an invasive vole - From focal introduction to wave front.International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2017Article
- Closing the gap on causal processes of infection risk from cross-sectional data: structural equation models to understand infection and co-infection.Parasites & vectors · 2015Article
- The importance of multiparasitism: examining the consequences of co-infections for human and animal health.Parasites & vectors · 2015Review
- Reported co-infection deaths are more common in early adulthood and among similar infections.BMC infectious diseases · 2015Article
- Interactions among urogenital, intestinal, skin, and oral infections in pregnant and lactating Panamanian Ngäbe women: a neglected public health challenge.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2015Article
- Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoa among Saudi Patients with Chronic Renal Failure: A Case-Control Study.Journal of tropical medicine · 2015Article
- Epidemiology and Genetic Characterization of Noroviruses among Adults in an Endemic Setting, Peruvian Amazon Basin, 2004-2011.PloS one · 2015Article
- School hygiene and deworming are key protective factors for reduced transmission of soil-transmitted helminths among schoolchildren in Honduras.Parasites & vectors · 2014Article
- Antagonism between two intestinal parasites in humans: the importance of co-infection for infection risk and recovery dynamics.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Co-infection is ubiquitous in people in the developing world but little is known regarding the potential for one parasite to act as a risk factor for another. Using generalized linear mixed modelling approaches applied to data from school-aged children from Zanzibar, Tanzania, we determined the strength of association between four focal infections (i.e. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm and self-reported fever, the latter used as a proxy for viral, bacterial or protozoal infections) and the prevalence or intensity of each of the helminth infections. We compared these potential co-infections with additional risk factors, specifically, host sex and age, socioeconomic status and physical environment, and determined what the relative contribution of each risk factor was. We found that the risk of infection with all four focal infections was strongly associated with at least one other infection, and that this was frequently dependent on the intensity of that other infection. In comparison, no other incorporated risk factor was associated with all focal infections. Successful control of infectious diseases requires identification of infection risk factors. This study demonstrates that co-infection is likely to be one of these principal risk factors and should therefore be given greater consideration when designing disease-control strategies. Future work should also incorporate other potential risk factors, including host genetics which were not available in this study and, ideally, assess the risks via experimental manipulation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.