ArticleAnnals of the rheumatic diseases2014
Lymphoma risk in systemic lupus: effects of disease activity versus treatment.
Article in Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03802188 (Hydroxychloroquine Exposure in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus), which is not on this map. Cited by 64 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Hydroxychloroquine Exposure in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 159 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antimalarials may reduce cancer risk in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.Annals of medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Knockdown of the long isoform of the prolactin receptor selectively targets pathogenic immune cells in systemic lupus erythematosus and averts glomerular pathology.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Malignancies in lupus nephritis: a retrospective cohort study on epidemiology and risk factors.Lupus science & medicine · 2026Article
- Cancer Risk in Autoimmune and Immune-Mediated Diseases: A Narrative Review for Practising Clinicians.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Atypical lymphoid proliferations associated with therapeutic intervention: a report of the 2024 EA4HP/SH lymphoma workshop.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2025Review
- Inextricable association of connective tissue disease with B‑cell lymphoma (Review).Molecular and clinical oncology · 2025Review
- CAR-T cell therapy for juvenile-onset autoimmune diseases: a promising future?Arthritis research & therapy · 2025Review
- Cyclophosphamide treatment with a comparison in both pediatric rheumatology and pediatric nephrology practices.Pediatric rheumatology online journal · 2025Article
- Cancer incidence and the influence of immunosuppressive agents in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study.Arthritis research & therapy · 2025Article
- B lymphoproliferative diseases: Effective treatment, inhibited progression, and potential cures through isoform-specific targeting of the prolactin receptor.Vitamins and hormones · 2025Review
- Cancer in connective tissue disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Case Report: A case of neuropsychiatric lupus with primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Genetic Causal Relationship Between Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Malignant Tumors of the Female Reproductive System: A GWAS Analysis in European Populations.Human mutation · 2025Article
- Association between systemic lupus erythematosus and common female reproductive system malignancies.Discover oncology · 2024Article
- Concomitant manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus flare-up and nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma in a 41-year-old male patient: A challenging case report.Clinical case reports · 2024Article
- Feasibility of discontinuing immunosuppression in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Article
- Epidemiology of Sjögren syndrome.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2024Review
- Burkitt's lymphoma in a young boy progressing to systemic lupus erythematosus during follow-up: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Misdiagnosed as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Report of a Rare Case.Cureus · 2023Article
- Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
37 authors at 20 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine disease activity versus treatment as lymphoma risk factors in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
methodsWe performed case-cohort analyses within a multisite SLE cohort. Cancers were ascertained by regional registry linkages. Adjusted HRs for lymphoma were generated in regression models, for time-dependent exposures to immunomodulators (cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolate, antimalarial drugs, glucocorticoids) demographics, calendar year, Sjogren's syndrome, SLE duration and disease activity. We used adjusted mean SLE Disease Activity Index scores (SLEDAI-2K) over time, and drugs were treated both categorically (ever/never) and as estimated cumulative doses.
resultsWe studied 75 patients with lymphoma (72 non-Hodgkin, three Hodgkin) and 4961 cancer-free controls. Most lymphomas were of B-cell origin. As is seen in the general population, lymphoma risk in SLE was higher in male than female patients and increased with age. Lymphomas occurred a mean of 12.4 years (median 10.9) after SLE diagnosis. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses failed to show a clear association of disease activity with lymphoma risk. There was a suggestion of greater exposure to cyclophosphamide and to higher cumulative steroids in lymphoma cases than the cancer-free controls.
conclusionsIn this large SLE sample, there was a suggestion of higher lymphoma risk with exposure to cyclophosphamide and high cumulative steroids. Disease activity itself was not clearly associated with lymphoma risk. Further work will focus on genetic profiles that might interact with medication exposure to influence lymphoma risk in SLE.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.