SynthesisPloS one2012
Insulin resistance and risk of incident cardiovascular events in adults without diabetes: meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 215 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Pilot Study on the Effects of Water-only Fasting and Refeeding on Body Composition and Insulin Resistance
METabolic FLEXibility in PMOS
Who cites it
215 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 409 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metabolic score for insulin resistance and the incidence of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- HOMA-IR as a predictor of Health Outcomes in Patients with Metabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension · 2022Pooled it
- American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2022Guideline
- The effect of overweight/obesity on diastolic function in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis.Clinical obesity · 2021Pooled it
- Fasting insulin, insulin resistance, and risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in non-diabetic adults: a meta-analysis.Bioscience reports · 2017Pooled it
- Trial
- The Effect of Curcumin on Reducing Atherogenic Risks in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Rosiglitazone improves insulin resistance but does not improve exercise capacity in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance: A randomized clinical study.Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research · 2024Trial
- Endurance versus resistance training in treatment of cardiovascular risk factors: A randomized cross-over trial.PloS one · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Mercury exposure and risk of cardiovascular disease: a nested case-control study in the PREDIMED (PREvention with MEDiterranean Diet) study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2017Trial
- Effects of a new combination of nutraceuticals with Morus alba on lipid profile, insulin sensitivity and endotelial function in dyslipidemic subjects. A cross-over, randomized, double-blind trial.High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension · 2015Trial
- Article
- Reference Values for Biochemical Analytes in An Iranian Population: The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.International journal of endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Review
- Association between the combined cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, glucose index and frailty index and new-onset cardiovascular disease in individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0-3: evidence from CHARLS.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- The association of SPISE with cardiometabolic multimorbidity and stroke in middle-aged and older adults: a nationwide prospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Head-to-head comparison of fasting-insulin-based versus non-insulin-based insulin resistance surrogates for predicting all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive adults across the glycemic continuum: a prospective cohort study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- Comparative evaluation of nine insulin resistance indices for 10-year coronary artery disease risk prediction in non-diabetic adults.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Association Between Higher Insulin Resistance and Poor Short-Term Functional Outcome After Nonsurgical Intracerebral Hemorrhage.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Machine learning-predicted insulin resistance is a risk factor for 12 types of cancer.Nature communications · 2026Article
155 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGlucose, insulin and Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) are markers of insulin resistance. The objective of this study is to compare fasting glucose, fasting insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR in strength of association with incident cardiovascular disease.
methodsWe searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and Cochrane Library databases from inception to March, 2011, and screened reference lists. Cohort studies or nested case-control studies that investigated the association between fasting glucose, fasting insulin or HOMA-IR and incident cardiovascular disease, were eligible. Two investigators independently performed the article selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment. Cardiovascular endpoints were coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke or combined cardiovascular disease. We used fixed and random-effect meta-analyses to calculate the pooled relative risk for CHD, stroke and combined cardiovascular disease, comparing high to low concentrations of glucose, insulin or HOMA-IR. Study heterogeneity was calculated with the I(2) statistic. To enable a comparison between cardiovascular disease risks for glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR, we calculated pooled relative risks per increase of one standard deviation.
resultsWe included 65 studies (involving 516,325 participants) in this meta-analysis. In a random-effect meta-analysis the pooled relative risk of CHD (95% CI; I(2)) comparing high to low concentrations was 1.52 (1.31, 1.76; 62.4%) for glucose, 1.12 (0.92, 1.37; 41.0%) for insulin and 1.64 (1.35, 2.00; 0%) for HOMA-IR. The pooled relative risk of CHD per one standard deviation increase was 1.21 (1.13, 1.30; 64.9%) for glucose, 1.04 (0.96, 1.12; 43.0%) for insulin and 1.46 (1.26, 1.69; 0.0%) for HOMA-IR.
conclusionsThe relative risk of cardiovascular disease was higher for an increase of one standard deviation in HOMA-IR compared to an increase of one standard deviation in fasting glucose or fasting insulin concentration. It may be useful to add HOMA-IR to a cardiovascular risk prediction model.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.