ReviewMolecular pharmaceutics2013
Diffusion of macromolecules in the brain: implications for drug delivery.
Review in Molecular pharmaceutics, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 153 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
153 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 295 citations in OpenAlex.
- MRI Guided Focused Ultrasound-Mediated Delivery of Therapeutic Cells to the Brain: A Review of the State-of-the-Art Methodology and Future Applications.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Pooled it
- Neuropathological changes and amyloid-related imaging abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease treated with aducanumab versus untreated: a retrospective case-control study.The Lancet. Neurology · 2025Trial
- Anomalous Diffusion of Nanoparticles in Semidilute Hyaluronic Acid Solutions.Biomacromolecules · 2026Article
- N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptors controlbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Quantitative comparison of methods for widespread delivery of small molecules across the blood-brain barrier.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Crossing the blood-brain barrier: nanoparticle-based strategies for neurodegenerative disease therapy.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Delivery of monoclonal antibodies to the brain: the impact of nanocarrier structure.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Inflamed vessel-anchored release of HScience advances · 2026Article
- A modular platform for automated organoid culture and longitudinal imaging.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Bridging the blood-brain barrier: strategies to improve delivery of biologics to tumors in the brain.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Review
- Nanoscopic Mapping of the Extracellular Space in Amyloid Plaque-rich Cortex.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Intranasal Nano-Delivery Systems: Emerging Strategies for Central Nervous System Disease Therapeutics.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- The duality of the BBB: breaking the myth of the blood-brain barrier breakdown.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Review
- Alzheimer's Tau seeds-induced pathology enhances hippocampal extracellular diffusion.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Aβ Deposition in Extracellular Space Disrupts Glial-Neuron Communication and Triggers Alzheimer's Disease.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- Morphogen gradients are regulated by porous media characteristics of the developing tissue.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2025Article
- Communications Among Neurocytes in Parkinson's Disease Regulated by Differential Metabolism and Blood-Brain Barrier Traversing of Chiral Gold Cluster-MOF Integrated Nanoparticles.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Intrathecal administration of Anti-Nogo-A antibody in macaque monkeys: Pharmacokinetics, tissue penetration and target interaction.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Article
- Fc-engineered large molecules targeting blood-brain barrier transferrin receptor and CD98hc have distinct central nervous system and peripheral biodistribution.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Pharmaceutical Salts: Comprehensive Insights From Fundamental Chemistry to FDA Approvals (2019-2023).AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Review
93 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Therapeutics must diffuse through the brain extracellular space (ECS) in order to distribute within the central nervous system (CNS) compartment; this requirement holds both for drugs that are directly placed within the CNS (i.e., central input) and for drugs that cross the barriers separating blood and brain following systemic administration. The diffusion of any substance within the CNS may be affected by a number of properties associated with the brain microenvironment, e.g., the volume fraction, geometry, width, and local viscosity of the ECS, as well as interactions with cell surfaces, the extracellular matrix, and components of the interstitial fluid. Here, we discuss ECS properties important in governing the distribution of macromolecules (e.g., antibodies and other protein therapeutics), nanoparticles and viral vectors within the CNS. We also provide an introduction to some of the methods commonly applied to measure diffusion of molecules in the brain ECS, with a particular emphasis on those used for determining the diffusion properties of macromolecules. Finally, we discuss how quantitative diffusion measurements can be used to better understand and potentially even improve upon CNS drug delivery by modeling delivery within and across species, screening drugs and drug conjugates, evaluating methods for altering drug distribution, and appreciating important changes in drug distribution that may occur with CNS disease or injury.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.