ArticleBMJ open2013
Spatial variation of salt intake in Britain and association with socioeconomic status.
Article in BMJ open, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Population-level interventions in government jurisdictions for dietary sodium reduction: a Cochrane Review.International journal of epidemiology · 2017Pooled it
- Socioeconomic Determinants of Sodium Intake in Adult Populations of High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.American journal of public health · 2017Pooled it
- Systematic review of dietary salt reduction policies: Evidence for an effectiveness hierarchy?PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- The Science of Salt: A Regularly Updated Systematic Review of the Implementation of Salt Reduction Interventions (June-October 2015).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2016Pooled it
- Current salt reduction policies across gradients of inequality-adjusted human development in the WHO European region: minding the gaps.Public health nutrition · 2014Pooled it
- Determinants of High Salt Intake in Croatian Adults: Evidence from 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in the EH-UH 2 Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- In focus: perplexing increase of urinary stone disease in children, adolescent and young adult women and its economic impact.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Disparities and spatial variations of high salt intake in Iran: a subnational study of districts based on the small area estimation method.Public health nutrition · 2021Article
- Physical inactivity, and its association with hypertension among employees in the district of Colombo.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Sodium intake assessed by 24-h urine excretion and its relationship with anthropometric measurements in Malaysian adults.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2021Article
- Article
- Animal, Human, andCurrent pediatrics reports · 2021Review
- Regional Variation in the Association of Poverty and Heart Failure Mortality in the 3135 Counties of the United States.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2019Article
- Sodium and Potassium Intake, Knowledge Attitudes and Behaviour Towards Salt Consumption Amongst Adults in Podgorica, Montenegro.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Association between socioeconomic factors and urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio: the Nagahama Study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2018Article
- Socioeconomic Status Associated With Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion in Japan: NIPPON DATA2010.Journal of epidemiology · 2018Article
- Identifying dietary differences between Scotland and England: a rapid review of the literature.Public health nutrition · 2017Review
- Within-country variation of salt intake assessed via urinary excretion in Japan: a multilevel analysis in all 47 prefectures.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2017Article
- Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo evaluate spatial effects of variation and social determinants of salt intake in Britain.
designCross-sectional survey.
settingGreat Britain.
participants2105 white male and female participants, aged 19-64 years, from the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2000-2001. PRIMARY OUTCOMES: Participants' sodium intake measured both with a 7-day dietary record and a 24-h urine collection. By accounting for important linear and non-linear risk factors and spatial effects, the geographical difference and spatial patterns of both dietary sodium intake and 24-h urinary sodium were investigated using Bayesian geo-additive models via Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations.
resultsA significant north-south pattern of sodium intake was found from posterior probability maps after controlling for important sociodemographic factors. Participants living in Scotland had a significantly higher dietary sodium intake and 24-h urinary sodium levels. Significantly higher sodium intake was also found in people with the lowest educational attainment (dietary sodium: coeff. 0.157 (90% credible intervals 0.003, 0.319), urinary sodium: 0.149 (0.024, 0.281)) and in manual occupations (urinary sodium: 0.083 (0.004, 0.160)). These coefficients indicate approximately a 5%, 9% and 4% difference in average sodium intake between socioeconomic groups.
conclusionsPeople living in Scotland had higher salt intake than those in England and Wales. Measures of low socioeconomic position were associated with higher levels of sodium intake, after allowing for geographic location.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.