ArticlePloS one2012
A model for the training effects in swimming demonstrates a strong relationship between parasympathetic activity, performance and index of fatigue.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Monitoring Athletic Training Status Through Autonomic Heart Rate Regulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2016Pooled it
- The effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on cycling ergometry and recovery in healthy young individuals.Brain and behavior · 2023Trial
- Cardiac Parasympathetic Withdrawal and Sympathetic Activity: Effect of Heat Exposure on Heart Rate Variability.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- The Impact of Competitive Fatigue on Physiological Variables in National Level Youth Swimmers.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- Heart Rate Variability Applications in Strength and Conditioning: A Narrative Review.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2024Review
- Article
- Modeling Stress-Recovery Status Through Heart Rate Changes Along a Cycling Grand Tour.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2020Article
- Monitoring stress and recovery states: Structural and external stages of the short version of the RESTQ sport in elite swimmers before championships.Journal of sport and health science · 2019Article
- Does fatigue in Parkinson's disease correlate with autonomic nervous system dysfunction?Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2018Article
- Modelling the HRV Response to Training Loads in Elite Rugby Sevens Players.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2018Article
- From an indirect response pharmacodynamic model towards a secondary signal model of dose-response relationship between exercise training and physical performance.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Modeling of performance and ANS activity for predicting future responses to training.European journal of applied physiology · 2015Article
- Effects of GUASHA on Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Male Volunteers under Normal Condition and Weightlifters after Weightlifting Training Sessions.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2015Article
- Heart rate variability and swimming.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2014Review
- Ultra-short-term heart rate variability indexes at rest and post-exercise in athletes: evaluating the agreement with accepted recommendations.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2014Article
- Validity of the ithlete™ Smart Phone Application for Determining Ultra-Short-Term Heart Rate Variability.Journal of human kinetics · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Competitive swimming as a physical activity results in changes to the activity level of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). However, the precise relationship between ANS activity, fatigue and sports performance remains contentious. To address this problem and build a model to support a consistent relationship, data were gathered from national and regional swimmers during two 30 consecutive-week training periods. Nocturnal ANS activity was measured weekly and quantified through wavelet transform analysis of the recorded heart rate variability. Performance was then measured through a subsequent morning 400 meters freestyle time-trial. A model was proposed where indices of fatigue were computed using Banister's two antagonistic component model of fatigue and adaptation applied to both the ANS activity and the performance. This demonstrated that a logarithmic relationship existed between performance and ANS activity for each subject. There was a high degree of model fit between the measured and calculated performance (R(2)=0.84±0.14,p<0.01) and the measured and calculated High Frequency (HF) power of the ANS activity (R(2)=0.79±0.07, p<0.01). During the taper periods, improvements in measured performance and measured HF were strongly related. In the model, variations in performance were related to significant reductions in the level of 'Negative Influences' rather than increases in 'Positive Influences'. Furthermore, the delay needed to return to the initial performance level was highly correlated to the delay required to return to the initial HF power level (p<0.01). The delay required to reach peak performance was highly correlated to the delay required to reach the maximal level of HF power (p=0.02). Building the ANS/performance identity of a subject, including the time to peak HF, may help predict the maximal performance that could be obtained at a given time.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.