ArticleBirth (Berkeley, Calif.)2012
Racial and ethnic differences in indication for primary cesarean delivery at term: experience at one U.S. Institution.
Article in Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Association Between Experiencing Racial Discrimination and Delivery Method Among Women in the United States, PRAMS 2016-2021.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Racial Disparities in Nulliparous Singleton Term Vertex Cesarean Deliveries: Rates, Reasons, and Time to Delivery.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2025Article
- Evaluating rates and factors associated with cesarean section and inpatient cost among low-risk deliveries in selected U.S. states.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Differences in maternal and perinatal outcomes between Dutch and non-Western women in a midwife-led care setting: a retrospective cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Impact of Race/Ethnicity and Insurance Status on Obstetric Outcomes: Secondary Analysis of the NuMoM2b Study.American journal of perinatology · 2024Article
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Receipt of General Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Hospital-level variation in racial disparities in low-risk nulliparous cesarean delivery rates.American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM · 2023Article
- Historical Primer on Obstetrics and Gynecology Health Inequities in America: A Narrative Review of Four Events.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2023Review
- Pain Severity and Pain Interference in Late Pregnancy: An Analysis of Biopsychosocial Factors Among Women Scheduled for Cesarean Delivery.Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) · 2023Observational
- Disparities by race/ethnicity in unplanned cesarean birth among healthy nulliparas: a secondary analysis of the nuMoM2b dataset.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
- Racial bias in cesarean decision-making.American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM · 2023Article
- Inequalities in cesarean births between American Indian & Alaska Native people and White people.Health services research · 2023Article
- Implicit Racial Attitudes and Associations Among Obstetricians in Hawai'i: a Pilot Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2022Article
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cesarean Delivery and Indications Among Nulliparous, Term, Singleton, Vertex Women.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2022Article
- Examining Cesarean Delivery Rates by Race: a Population-Based Analysis Using the Robson Ten-Group Classification System.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2021Article
- A Cross-Sectional Study Examining Differences in Indication for Cesarean Delivery by Race/Ethnicity.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- The Role of Oxytocin in Primary Cesarean Birth Among Low-Risk Women.Journal of midwifery & women's health · 2021Article
- Elucidating the role of overweight and obesity in racial and ethnic disparities in cesarean delivery risk.Annals of epidemiology · 2020Article
- The Giving Voice to Mothers study: inequity and mistreatment during pregnancy and childbirth in the United States.Reproductive health · 2019Article
- Risk Factors for Shoulder Dystocia: the Impact of Mother's Race and Ethnicity.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2018Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBlack and Latina women in the United States are known to undergo cesarean delivery at a higher rate than other women. We sought to explore the role of medical indications for cesarean delivery as a potential explanation for these differences.
methodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted of 11,034 primiparas delivering at term at the University of California, San Francisco, between 1990 and 2008. We used multivariable analyses to evaluate racial and ethnic differences in risks of, and indications for, cesarean delivery.
resultsThe overall rate of cesarean delivery in our cohort was 21.9 percent. Black and Latina women were at significantly higher odds of undergoing cesarean delivery than white women (adjusted odds ratio or AOR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.30, 1.83, and 1.21; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.43, respectively). Black women were at significantly higher odds of undergoing cesarean delivery for nonreassuring fetal heart tracings than white women (AOR: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.55, 3.09), and black women (AOR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.98), Latina women (AOR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.85), and Asian women (AOR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.22, 1.85) were at significantly higher odds of undergoing cesarean delivery for failure to progress. Black, Latina, and Asian women were at significantly lower odds of undergoing cesarean delivery for malpresentation than white women (AOR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.89, 0.66; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.98, and 0.55; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.76, respectively).
conclusionsRacial and ethnic differences exist in specific indications for cesarean delivery among primiparas. Clarifying the possible reasons for increased cesareans for nonreassuring fetal heart tracing in black women, in particular, may help to decrease excess cesarean deliveries in this racial and ethnic group. (BIRTH 39:2 June 2012).
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