ReviewNeurochemical research2014
Glutamine in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy: the trojan horse hypothesis revisited.
Review in Neurochemical research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Covert hepatic encephalopathy as a multi-organ syndrome: the gut-liver-muscle-brain axis, diagnosis, treatment, and multidisciplinary care.Journal of gastroenterology · 2026Review
- Liraglutide Attenuates Multiorgan Oxidative, Astroglial, and Mitochondrial Stress Responses in Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatic Encephalopathy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Glutamine and Albumin Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid Are Correlated with Neurological Severity in an Experimental Model of Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy.Metabolites · 2025Article
- Hyperammonaemia in Dogs Presenting with Acute Epileptic Seizures-More than Portosystemic Shunts.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Sirtuin 5 alleviates apoptosis and autophagy stimulated by ammonium chloride in bovine mammary epithelial cells.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Article
- Set7/9 aggravates ischemic brain injury via enhancing glutamine metabolism in a blocking Sirt5 manner.Cell death and differentiation · 2024Article
- A glimpse into multimodal neuromonitoring in acute liver failure: a case report.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Article
- Lysinuric Protein Intolerance and Its Nutritional and Multisystemic Challenges in Pregnancy: A Case Report and Literature Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Cellular Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy: An Update.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Regulation of mild cognitive impairment associated with liver disease by humoral factors derived from the gastrointestinal tract and MRI research progress: a literature review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Hepatic encephalopathy.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2022Review
- Neuroimaging in alcohol use disorder: From mouse to man.Journal of neuroscience research · 2022Review
- Hepatic Encephalopathy and Melatonin.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The Human Myelin Proteome and Sub-Metalloproteome Interaction Map: Relevance to Myelin-Related Neurological Diseases.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- Dysregulation of Astrocytic Glutamine Transport in Acute Hyperammonemic Brain Edema.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
- The neurogliovascular unit in hepatic encephalopathy.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2021Review
- Blood Levels of Glutamine and Nitrotyrosine in Patients with Chronic Viral Hepatitis.International journal of general medicine · 2021Article
- Curcumin prevents cognitive deficits in the bile duct ligated rats.Psychopharmacology · 2020Article
- N-acetyl cysteine treatment preserves mitochondrial indices of functionality in the brain of hyperammonemic mice.Clinical and experimental hepatology · 2020Article
- MRI demonstrates glutamine antagonist-mediated reversal of cerebral malaria pathology in mice.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is major neuropsychiatric disorder occurring in patients with severe liver disease and ammonia is generally considered to represent the major toxin responsible for this condition. Ammonia in brain is chiefly metabolized ("detoxified") to glutamine in astrocytes due to predominant localization of glutamine synthetase in these cells. While glutamine has long been considered innocuous, a deleterious role more recently has been attributed to this amino acid. This article reviews the mechanisms by which glutamine contributes to the pathogenesis of HE, how glutamine is transported into mitochondria and subsequently hydrolyzed leading to high levels of ammonia, the latter triggering oxidative and nitrative stress, the mitochondrial permeability transition and mitochondrial injury, a sequence of events we have collectively termed as the Trojan horse hypothesis of hepatic encephalopathy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.