ArticleDiabetes care2013
Early-onset, coexisting autoimmunity and decreased HLA-mediated susceptibility are the characteristics of diabetes in Down syndrome.
Article in Diabetes care, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of celiac disease recommendations for children with Down syndrome.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Trial
- Clinical considerations for immune dysregulation and immunodeficiency in Down syndrome.Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- Prevalence and impact of endocrinopathies on growth in pediatric down syndrome patients: A retrospective analysis.Saudi medical journal · 2025Article
- Defining a novel DYRK1A-gp130/IL-6R-pSTAT axis that regulates Th17 differentiation.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- JAK inhibition decreases the autoimmune burden in Down syndrome.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Down Syndrome and Autoimmune Disease.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2024Review
- Endocrine, auxological and metabolic profile in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: from infancy to the first steps into adult life.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- Transcriptomic analysis of stem cells from chorionic villi uncovers the impact of chromosomes 2, 6 and 22 in the clinical manifestations of Down syndrome.Stem cell research & therapy · 2023Article
- Increased levels of anti-BSA antibodies in children with Down syndrome.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Review
- Increased referrals for congenital hyperinsulinism genetic testing in children with trisomy 21 reflects the high burden of non-genetic risk factors in this group.Pediatric diabetes · 2022Article
- Endocrinal dysfunction in children with Down syndrome.Annals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism · 2022Article
- Deep immune phenotyping reveals similarities between aging, Down syndrome, and autoimmunity.Science translational medicine · 2022Article
- Characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents with Down's syndrome in an admixed population.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2021Article
- Metabolic Diseases and Down Syndrome: How Are They Linked Together?Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Interferon-Driven Immune Dysregulation in Down Syndrome: A Review of the Evidence.Journal of inflammation research · 2021Review
- Early Onset of Autoimmune Diabetes in Children with Down Syndrome-Two Separate Aetiologies or an Immune System Pre-Programmed for Autoimmunity?Current diabetes reports · 2020Review
- Trisomy 21 Is a Cause of Permanent Neonatal Diabetes That Is Autoimmune but Not HLA Associated.Diabetes · 2019Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveDown syndrome (DS) is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, particularly in young children. HLA-mediated risk is however decreased in children with DS and diabetes (DSD). We hypothesized that early-onset diabetes in children with DS is etiologically different from autoimmune diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsClinical and immunogenetic markers of autoimmune diabetes were studied in 136 individuals with DSD and compared with 194 age- and sex-matched individuals with type 1 diabetes, 222 with DS, and 671 healthy controls. HLA class II was analyzed by sequence-specific primed PCR. Islet autoantibodies were measured by radioimmunoassay.
resultsAge at onset of diabetes was biphasic, with 22% of DS children diagnosed before 2 years of age, compared with only 4% in this age-group with type 1 diabetes in the general population (P < 0.0001). The frequency of the highest-risk type 1 diabetes-associated HLA genotype, DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8, was decreased in both early- and later-onset DSD compared with age-matched children with type 1 diabetes (P < 0.0001), although HLA DR3-DQ2 genotypes were increased (P = 0.004). Antibodies to GAD were observed in all five samples tested from children diagnosed at ≤2 years of age, and persistent islet autoantibodies were detected in 72% of DSD cases. Thyroid and celiac disease were diagnosed in 74 and 14%, respectively, of the DSD cohort.
conclusionsEarly-onset diabetes in children with DS is unlikely to be etiologically different from autoimmune diabetes occurring in older DS children. Overall, these studies demonstrate more extreme autoimmunity in DSD typified by early-onset diabetes with multiple autoimmunity, persistent islet autoantibodies, and decreased HLA-mediated susceptibility.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.