ArticleBMC evolutionary biology2012
Diversification of the expanded teleost-specific toll-like receptor family in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua.
Article in BMC evolutionary biology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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25 citing papers in PubMed, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Absence of Toll-like Receptor 21 (Biology · 2026Article
- Toll-like receptors in fish: evolution, structure, immune signaling, and translational prospects for adjuvant-based vaccine design in aquaculture.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
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- Divergent selection, recombination variability, and noncoding introgression drive speciation and adaptation in threadfin Eleutheronema.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Ancient fish lineages illuminate toll-like receptor diversification in early vertebrate evolution.Immunogenetics · 2023Article
- Article
- Gene loss and co-option of toll-like receptors facilitate paternal immunological adaptation in the brood pouch of pregnant male seahorses.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Cloning of Toll-like Receptor 3 Gene fromGenes · 2022Article
- Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Analysis of Toll-like Receptors in Marbled Rockfish (International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Cyprinid-specific duplicated membrane TLR5 senses dsRNA as functional homodimeric receptors.EMBO reports · 2022Article
- Toll-Like Receptor Evolution: Does Temperature Matter?Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Paralogues From the Expanded Tlr11 Gene Family in Mudskipper (Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Article
- Low incubation temperature during early development negatively affects survival and related innate immune processes in zebrafish larvae exposed to lipopolysaccharide.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- MHC and adaptive immunity in teleost fishes.Immunogenetics · 2017Review
- Pattern recognition receptors in zebrafish provide functional and evolutionary insight into innate immune signaling pathways.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2017Review
- Multiple specialised goose-type lysozymes potentially compensate for an exceptional lack of chicken-type lysozymes in Atlantic cod.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Evolutionary redesign of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) Toll-like receptor repertoire by gene losses and expansions.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Sensors of Infection: Viral Nucleic Acid PRRs in Fish.Biology · 2015Review
- Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundToll-like receptors (Tlrs) are major molecular pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is the first vertebrate known to have lost most of the mammalian Tlr orthologues, particularly all bacterial recognising and other cell surface Tlrs. On the other hand, its genome encodes a unique repertoire of teleost-specific Tlrs. The aim of this study was to investigate if these duplicate Tlrs have been retained through adaptive evolution to compensate for the lack of other cell surface Tlrs in the cod genome.
resultsIn this study, one tlr21, 12 tlr22 and two tlr23 genes representing the teleost-specific Tlr family have been cloned and characterised in cod. Phylogenetic analysis grouped all tlr22 genes under a single clade, indicating that the multiple cod paralogues have arisen through lineage-specific duplications. All tlrs examined were transcribed in immune-related tissues as well as in stomach, gut and gonads of adult cod and were differentially expressed during early development. These tlrs were also differentially regulated following immune challenge by immersion with Vibrio anguillarum, indicating their role in the immune response. An increase in water temperature from 4 to 12°C was associated with a 5.5-fold down-regulation of tlr22d transcript levels in spleen. Maximum likelihood analysis with different evolution models revealed that tlr22 genes are under positive selection. A total of 24 codons were found to be positively selected, of which 19 are in the ligand binding region of ectodomain.
conclusionPositive selection pressure coupled with experimental evidence of differential expression strongly support the hypothesis that teleost-specific tlr paralogues in cod are undergoing neofunctionalisation and can recognise bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns to compensate for the lack of other cell surface Tlrs.
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