ArticleBMC psychiatry2012
Internalized stigma among patients with schizophrenia in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional facility-based study.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 151 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among individuals with mental disorders in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the past 25 years.BMC psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of stigma among patients with schizophrenia: a multi-country systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Pooled it
- Internalised stigma among people with mental illness in Africa, pooled effect estimates and subgroup analysis on each domain: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Self-stigma in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 37 studies from 25 high- and low-to-middle income countries.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Self-stigma in Serious Mental Illness: A Systematic Review of Frequency, Correlates, and Consequences.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2021Pooled it
- Prevalence of suicide attempts in individuals with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of observational studies.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2019Pooled it
- The quality of mental health literacy measurement tools evaluating the stigma of mental illness: a systematic review.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2018Pooled it
- Prevalence and correlates of internalized stigma among adults with HIV and major depressive disorder in rural Malawi.AIDS care · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Validity and reliability of the Internalized Stigma of Smoking Inventory: An exploration of shame, isolation, and discrimination in smokers with mental health diagnoses.The American journal on addictions · 2015Trial
- Beyond the Label: Psychometric Validation of the Persian Stigma and Self-Stigma Scales: A Methodological Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Evaluation of Adolescent Mental Illness Self-Stigma Following Psychotherapy Initiation.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Adaptation of a PTSD intervention for use in primary care in a low-income country: The Brief Relaxation, Education And Trauma HEaling intervention for Ethiopia (BREATHE Ethiopia).SSM. Mental health · 2025Article
- Mental health stigma and its consequences: a systematic scoping review of pathways to discrimination and adverse outcomes.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Review
- Lessons learned from the translation of the Internalised Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale into isiXhosa for use with South African Xhosa people with schizophrenia.Transcultural psychiatry · 2025Article
- Magnitude and correlates of internalised stigma among outpatient psychiatric service users in southeast central Ethiopia.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- Applying the Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework to psychosis stigma in Malawi.PLOS mental health · 2025Article
- Stigma and Help-Seeking Attitudes in Relation to Psychological Distress Among Medical Students in Saudi Arabia.Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health : CP & EMH · 2025Article
- Application of cognitive remediation in the world: new experiences from two schizophrenia rehabilitation centers in Togo and Benin.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2024Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite the potential impact on treatment adherence and recovery, there is a dearth of data on the extent and correlates of internalized stigma in patients with schizophrenia in low income countries. We conducted a study to determine the extent, domains and correlates of internalized stigma amongst outpatients with schizophrenia in Ethiopia.
methodsThe study was a cross-sectional facility-based survey conducted at a specialist psychiatric hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Consecutive consenting individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were recruited and assessed using an Amharic version of the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale.
resultsData were collected from 212 individuals, who were mostly single (71.2%), unemployed (70.3%) and male (65.1%). Nearly all participants (97.4%) expressed agreement to at least one stigma item contained in the ISMI; 46.7% had a moderate to high mean stigma score. Rural residence (OR = 5.67; 95% CI = 2.30, 13.00; p < 0.001), single marital status (OR = 3.39; 95% CI = 1.40, 8.22; p = 0.019) and having prominent psychotic symptoms (OR = 2.33; 95% CI = 1.17, 4.61; p = 0.016) were associated independently with a higher stigma score. Almost half of those who discontinued their treatment reported that they had done so because of perceived stigma. Those who had attempted suicide (45.3%) were more likely to have a high stigma score (OR = 2.29; 95% CI = 1.27, 4.11; p = 0.006). Over 60% of the variation in the experience of stigma was explained by four factors: social withdrawal (16.7%), perceived discrimination (14.1%), alienation (13.9%) and stereotype endorsement (12.7%).
conclusionInternalized stigma is a major problem among persons with schizophrenia in this outpatient setting in Ethiopia. Internalized stigma has the potential to substantially affect adherence to medication and is likely to affect the recovery process.
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