ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2012
Design and application of chitosan microspheres as oral and nasal vaccine carriers: an updated review.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Antioxidant Delivery Revisited: The Promise of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Inactivated Type 'O' Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Encapsulated in Chitosan Nanoparticles Induced Protective Immune Response in Guinea Pigs.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Advancements in nasal drug delivery system of natural products.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Nose to Brain: Exploring the Progress of Intranasal Delivery of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Review
- Article
- Article
- Recent Advances in Pickering Double Emulsions and Potential Applications in Functional Foods: A Perspective Paper.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Nasal Administration of M2e/CpG-ODN Encapsulated in N-Trimethyl Chitosan (TMC) Significantly Increases Specific Immune Responses in a Mouse Model.Archives of Razi Institute · 2022Article
- Multiple Roles of Chitosan in Mucosal Drug Delivery: An Updated Review.Marine drugs · 2022Review
- Strategies for fighting pandemic virus infections: Integration of virology and drug delivery.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2022Review
- Demystifying particle-based oral vaccines.Expert opinion on drug delivery · 2021Review
- Immunogenicity of Recombinant-DeficientVaccines · 2021Article
- Lung Targeted Lipopolymeric Microspheres of Dexamethasone for the Treatment of ARDS.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
- With Chitosan and PLGA as the Delivery Vehicle,Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Effectiveness of Chitosan Nanoparticles in Development of Pentavalent Clostridial Toxoid Vaccine in Terms of Clinical Pathology Elements and Immunological Responses.Archives of Razi Institute · 2020Article
- Hierarchically electrospraying a PLGA@chitosan sphere-in-sphere composite microsphere for multi-drug-controlled release.Regenerative biomaterials · 2020Article
- Astragalus Polysaccharides/Chitosan Microspheres for Nasal Delivery: Preparation, Optimization, Characterization, and Pharmacodynamics.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Article
- Vaccine Adjuvants Derived from Marine Organisms.Biomolecules · 2019Review
- Immunogenicity evaluation of rBoNT/E nanovaccine after mucosal administration.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chitosan, a natural biodegradable polymer, is of great interest in biomedical research due to its excellent properties including bioavailability, nontoxicity, high charge density, and mucoadhesivity, which creates immense potential for various pharmaceutical applications. It has gelling properties when it interacts with counterions such as sulfates or polyphosphates and when it crosslinks with glutaraldehyde. This characteristic facilitates its usefulness in the coating or entrapment of biochemicals, drugs, antigenic molecules as a vaccine candidate, and microorganisms. Therefore, chitosan together with the advance of nanotechnology can be effectively applied as a carrier system for vaccine delivery. In fact, chitosan microspheres have been studied as a promising carrier system for mucosal vaccination, especially via the oral and nasal route to induce enhanced immune responses. Moreover, the thiolated form of chitosan is of considerable interest due to its improved mucoadhesivity, permeability, stability, and controlled/extended release profile. This review describes the various methods used to design and synthesize chitosan microspheres and recent updates on their potential applications for oral and nasal delivery of vaccines. The potential use of thiolated chitosan microspheres as next-generation mucosal vaccine carriers is also discussed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.