ReviewClinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research2013
Molecular pathways: toll-like receptors in the tumor microenvironment--poor prognosis or new therapeutic opportunity.
Review in Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 143 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metabolic Checkpoints in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: ACSL1 and PPARD Orchestrate Lipid-Ferroptosis Crosstalk via Keratinocyte Remodeling.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2026Article
- NOS2 and COX2 impact the spatial landscape of CD8Redox biology · 2026Review
- Activation of the NF-ĸB Signaling Pathway by Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei Through Modulation of TLR4 and DC-SIGN Genes in an Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Rat Model.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Toll-like receptors: versatile players in tumor.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Identification and validation of a seven-gene metastasis-associated prognostic model in breast cancer.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Article
- Comparative Tumor Microenvironment Analysis for HCC and PDAC Using KMplotter.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Enhancing Cancer Therapy with TLR7/8 Agonists: Applications in Vaccines and Combination Treatments.Cancers · 2025Review
- Differential expression profiles of immunoregulatory genes in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas with a coexistent papillary carcinoma component.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2025Article
- Poly(I:C) signaling induces robust CXCL10 production and apoptosis in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells.Human cell · 2025Article
- Development of a TLR-Based Model That Can Predict Prognosis, Tumor Microenvironment, and Drug Response for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.Biochemical genetics · 2024Article
- Role of toll-like receptor in the pathogenesis of oral cancer.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2024Review
- Immunological characteristics of immunogenic cell death genes and malignant progression driving roles of TLR4 in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.BMC cancer · 2023Article
- Study on the Alleviating Effect and Potential Mechanism of Ethanolic Extract ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Role of extracellular vesicle in human papillomavirus-associated cervical cancer.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Review
- A comprehensive review of stroke-related signaling pathways and treatment in western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- The Chemical Biology of NO that Regulates Oncogenic Signaling and Metabolism: NOS2 and Its Role in Inflammatory Disease.Critical reviews in oncogenesis · 2023Review
- PANoptosis-related molecular subtype and prognostic model associated with the immune microenvironment and individualized therapy in pancreatic cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Pharmacogenetics Role of Genetic Variants in Immune-Related Factors: A Systematic Review Focusing on mCRC.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Immunotherapeutic Implications of Toll-like Receptors Activation in Tumor Microenvironment.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- The Prognostic Role and Significance of Dll4 and Toll-like Receptors in Cancer Development.Cancers · 2022Review
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Numerous reports have described Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in the tumor microenvironment as it relates to cancer progression, as well as their involvement in inflammation. While TLRs mediate immune surveillance, clinical studies have associated TLR expression in the tumor with poor patient survival, indicating that TLR expression may affect cancer treatment and survival. This review will examine mechanisms in which TLR activation upregulates protumorigenic pathways, including the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS2) and COX2, which in turn increase TLR expression and promote a feed-forward loop leading to tumor progression and the development of more aggressive tumor phenotypes. These propagating loops involve cancer cell, stroma, and/or immune cell TLR expression. Because of abundant TLR expression in many human tumors, several TLR agonists are now in clinical and preclinical trials and some have shown enhanced efficacy when used as adjuvant with radiation, chemotherapy, or cancer vaccines. These findings suggest that TLR expression influences cancer biology and therapeutic response, which may involve specific interactions within the tumor microenvironment, including mediators of inflammation such as nitric oxide and the arachidonic acid signaling pathways.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.