ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Human trichromacy revisited.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- Topography of Photophobia: Perifoveal Sensitivity Associations in Glaucoma.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Large-Scale Color Biases in the Retinotopic Functional Architecture Are Region Specific and Shared across Human Brains.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Temporal dynamics of human color processing measured using a continuous tracking task.Journal of vision · 2025Article
- Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and visual processing: ipRGCs beyond non-image-forming functions.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Review
- What can the eye see with melanopsin?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Melanopsin-mediated amplification of cone signals in the human visual cortex.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- castleCSF - A contrast sensitivity function of color, area, spatiotemporal frequency, luminance and eccentricity.Journal of vision · 2024Article
- Influence of colour vision on attention to, and impression of, complex aesthetic images.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2023Article
- PySilSub: An open-source Python toolbox for implementing the method of silent substitution in vision and nonvisual photoreception research.Journal of vision · 2023Article
- Daylights with high melanopsin stimulation appear reddish in fovea and greenish in periphery.PloS one · 2023Article
- Melanopsin photoreception differentially modulates rod-mediated and cone-mediated human temporal vision.iScience · 2022Article
- Plant scientists' research attention is skewed towards colourful, conspicuous and broadly distributed flowers.Nature plants · 2021Article
- Perfect appearance match between self-luminous and surface colors can be performed with isomeric spectra.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Crosstalk: The diversity of melanopsin ganglion cell types has begun to challenge the canonical divide between image-forming and non-image-forming vision.The Journal of comparative neurology · 2020Review
- Plasticity in perception: insights from color vision deficiencies.Faculty reviews · 2020Review
- Melanopsin contributions to non-visual and visual function.Current opinion in behavioral sciences · 2019Article
- Melanopsin and the Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells: Biophysics to Behavior.Neuron · 2019Review
- Diverse Cell Types, Circuits, and Mechanisms for Color Vision in the Vertebrate Retina.Physiological reviews · 2019Review
- Reconciling Color Vision Models With Midget Ganglion Cell Receptive Fields.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2019Review
- Effects of Blue Light on Dynamic Vision.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The presence of a photopigment (melanopsin) within certain retinal ganglion cells was a surprising and significant discovery. This pigment is routinely described as "nonvisual" to highlight its signaling role in pupil dilation and circadian rhythms. Here we asked whether light absorbed by melanopsin can be seen by healthy human subjects. To answer this requires delivering intense (above rod saturation), well-controlled lights using four independent primaries. We collected detection thresholds to many four-primary stimuli. Threshold measurements in the fovea are explained by trichromatic theory, with no need to invoke a fourth photopigment. In the periphery, where melanopsin is present, threshold measurements deviate from trichromatic theory; at high photopic levels, sensitivity is explained by absorptions in four, not three, photopigment classes. We consider a series of hypotheses to explain the tetrasensitivity at high photopic levels in the human peripheral field. The most likely hypothesis is that in healthy human subjects melanopsin absorptions influence visibility.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.