ArticlePharmaceutical research2013
Bioactivity and bioavailability of ginsenosides are dependent on the glycosidase activities of the A/J mouse intestinal microbiome defined by pyrosequencing.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Gut microbiota-metabolism-immunity axis: a novel perspective of traditional Chinese medicine in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.Chinese medicine · 2026Article
- Functional characterization of a novel β-glucosidase converting trillin to diosgenin from Enterococcus faecalis.Microbial cell factories · 2026Article
- Ginseng and its active compounds in ovarian aging: mechanistic basis and translational prospects.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Review
- The bibliometric analysis of research on traditional Chinese medicine regulating gut microbiota for cancer treatment from 2014 to 2024.Hereditas · 2025Article
- Dietary herbs that interact with gut microbiota: roles as anti-stroke agents.Food science and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Fermented red ginseng extract improves sarcopenia-related muscle atrophy in old mice through regulation of muscle protein metabolism.Food science and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Gut microbiome and lung cancer: mechanisms, interactions, and dietary interventions.Gut microbes reports · 2025Review
- Review
- Research progress in the treatment of an immune system disease-type 1 diabetes-by regulating the intestinal flora with Chinese medicine and food homologous drugs.Bioscience of microbiota, food and health · 2024Review
- In-depth LC-MS andFrontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Methods on improvements of the poor oral bioavailability of ginsenosides: Pre-processing, structural modification, drug combination, and micro- or nano- delivery system.Journal of ginseng research · 2023Review
- Protopanaxadiol ameliorates palmitate-induced lipotoxicity and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in INS-1 cells.Journal of ginseng research · 2023Article
- Effects of ginsenoside compound K on colitis-associated colorectal cancer and gut microbiota profiles in mice.Annals of translational medicine · 2022Article
- Development of a novel UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneously quantification of polydatin and resveratrol in plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats.Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences · 2021Article
- Personalized bioconversion of Panax notoginseng saponins mediated by gut microbiota between two different diet-pattern healthy subjects.Chinese medicine · 2021Article
- Glucuronides Hydrolysis by Intestinal MicrobialPharmaceutics · 2021Article
- Bioconversion variation of ginsenoside CK mediated by human gut microbiota from healthy volunteers and colorectal cancer patients.Chinese medicine · 2021Article
- Prebiotics enhance the biotransformation and bioavailability of ginsenosides in rats by modulating gut microbiota.Journal of ginseng research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo investigate the ability of bacteria in the intestinal microbiome to convert naturally occurring primary ginsenosides in red ginseng extract to active secondary ginsenosides.
methodsAnti-proliferative ginsenoside activity was tested using mouse lung cancer LM1 cells. Permeabilities were evaluated in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Systemic exposure of secondary ginsenosides was determined in A/J mice. 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing was used to determine membership and abundance of bacteria in intestinal microbiome.
resultsSecondary ginsenoside C-K exhibited higher anti-proliferative activity and permeability than primary ginsenosides. Significant amounts of secondary ginsenosides (F2 and C-K) were found in blood of A/J mice following oral administration of primary ginsenoside Rb1. Because mammalian cells did not hydrolyze ginsenoside, we determined the ability of bacteria to hydrolyze ginsenosides and found that Rb1 underwent stepwise hydrolysis to Rd, F2, and then C-K. Formation of F2 from Rd was the rate-limiting step in the biotransformation of Rb1 to C-K.
conclusionConversion to F2 is the rate-limiting step in bioactivation of primary ginsenosides by A/J mouse intestinal microbiome, whose characterization reveals the presence of certain bacterial families capable of enabling the formation of F2 and C-K in vivo.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.