ArticlePloS one2012
Prognosis following upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predicting Adverse Outcomes in Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Focus on Blood Urea Nitrogen-Based Ratios and Age-Adjusted Shock Index.Emergency medicine international · 2026Article
- Severe Duodenal Bleeding with Heterotaxy Syndrome Controlled by Combined Hemostatic Strategies.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Article
- Gastrointestinal bleed mortality disparities in patients with atrial fibrillation: A cross-sectional analysis 1999-2020.Journal of arrhythmia · 2025Article
- Racial Differences in Bleeding Risk: An Ecological Epidemiological Study Comparing Korea and United Kingdom Subjects.Thrombosis and haemostasis · 2024Article
- Endoscopic Visualization of the Embolization Coil With Subsequent Endoscopic Therapy: A Case Report.Cureus · 2024Article
- MH-STRALP: A scoring system for prognostication in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.World journal of gastrointestinal surgery · 2024Article
- Mortality Risk Scoring System in Patients after Bleeding from Cancers in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract.Gut and liver · 2024Article
- Preclinical study of a novel ingestible bleeding sensor for upper gastrointestinal bleeding.Clinical endoscopy · 2024Article
- Hemostatic Powders in Non-Variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: The Open Questions.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Review
- Gastric cavernous hemangioma in 48-years male patient: a rare case presenting upper gastrointestinal bleeding manifestations.Gastroenterology and hepatology from bed to bench · 2023Article
- Outcomes for upper gastrointestinal bleeding during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Toronto area.Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2022Article
- Risk of Mortality among Patients with Gastrointestinal Bleeding with Early and Late Treatment with Tranexamic Acid: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the setting of gastrointestinal cancer: Anatomical prevalence, predictors, and interventions.World journal of gastrointestinal endoscopy · 2021Article
- Efficacy of a novel hemostatic adhesive powder in patients with upper gastrointestinal tumor bleeding.BMC gastroenterology · 2021Article
- Is There a Role for Tranexamic Acid in Upper GI Bleeding? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Surgery research and practice · 2021Review
- Is Immature Granulocyte Count a Potential Prognostic Marker for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding? A New Road to Explore.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2020Article
- Article
- Acute upper gastrointestinal bleed: An audit of the causes and outcomes from a tertiary care center in eastern India.Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2019Article
- Long-Term Effectiveness, Safety and Mortality Associated with the Use of TC-325 for Malignancy-Related Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeds: A Multicentre Retrospective Study.Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology · 2019Article
- Risk factors for mortality among patients admitted with upper gastrointestinal bleeding at a tertiary hospital: a prospective cohort study.BMC gastroenterology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundUpper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is one of the most common, high risk emergency disorders in the western world. Almost nothing has been reported on longer term prognosis following upper GI bleeding. The aim of this study was to establish mortality up to three years following hospital admission with upper GI bleeding and its relationship with aetiology, co-morbidities and socio-demographic factors.
methodsSystematic record linkage of hospital inpatient and mortality data for 14 212 people in Wales, UK, hospitalised with upper GI bleeding between 1999 and 2004 with three year follow-up to 2007. The main outcome measures were mortality rates, standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) and relative survival.
resultsMortality at three years was 36.7% overall, based on 5215 fatalities. It was highest for upper GI malignancy (95% died within three years) and varices (52%). Compared with the general population, mortality was increased 27-fold during the first month after admission. It fell to 4.3 by month four, but remained significantly elevated during every month throughout the three years following admission. The most important independent prognostic predictors of mortality at three years were older age (mortality increased 53 fold for people aged 85 years and over compared with those under 40 years); oesophageal and gastric/duodenal malignancy (48 and 32 respectively) and gastric varices aetiologies (2.8) when compared with other bleeds; non-upper GI malignancy, liver disease and renal failure co-morbidities (15, 7.9 and 3.9); social deprivation (29% increase for quintile V vs I); incident bleeds as an inpatient (31% vs admitted with bleeding) and male patients (25% vs female).
conclusionOur study shows a high late as well as early mortality for upper GI bleeding, with very poor longer term prognosis following bleeding due to malignancies and varices. Aetiologies with the worst prognosis were often associated with high levels of social deprivation.
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Registered trials
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