ArticleThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2013
Effect of sex steroids on Babesia microti infection in mice.
Article in The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular epidemiology and risk factors associated withJournal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2026Article
- Immunity beyond borders: non-lethalFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with Babesia bigemina infection in Crioula Lageana cattle breed.Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria · 2025Article
- Searching for new molecules involved in Anopheles mosquitoes' response to Plasmodium infection.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2024Article
- Borrelia burgdorferi strain and host sex influence pathogen prevalence and abundance in the tissues of a laboratory rodent host.Molecular ecology · 2022Article
- Role of bank vole (Myodes glareolus) personality on tick burden (Ixodes spp.).Folia parasitologica · 2022Article
- Review
- Investigating disease severity in an animal model of concurrent babesiosis and Lyme disease.International journal for parasitology · 2019Review
- Age-Related Differential Stimulation of Immune Response byFrontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- The Effects of Testosterone Deficiency and Its Replacement on Inflammatory Markers in Rats: A Pilot Study.International journal of endocrinology and metabolism · 2017Article
- High prevalence of Babesia microti 'Munich' type in small mammals from an Ixodes persulcatus/Ixodes trianguliceps sympatric area in the Omsk region, Russia.Parasitology research · 2016Article
- Clofazimine Inhibits the Growth of Babesia and Theileria Parasites In Vitro and In Vivo.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2016Article
- Development and validation of a quantitative PCR assay using multiplexed hydrolysis probes for detection and quantification of Theileria orientalis isolates and differentiation of clinically relevant subtypes.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2015Article
- Article
- The effect of indomethacin, myeloperoxidase, and certain steroid hormones on bactericidal activity: an ex vivo and in vivo experimental study.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2014Article
- Androgen activity and markers of inflammation among men in NHANES III.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology CouncilArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex-based-differences are known to affect susceptibility to protozoan infections, but their effects on parasitemia and clinical symptoms in Babesia infections remain unclear. We examined the sex-based susceptibility of various mouse strains to Babesia microti Munich strain infection. In all strains, male mice exhibited significantly higher peak parasitemia and more severe anemia than female mice. Testosterone and estradiol-17β treatment caused an increase in parasitemia and aggravation of anemia. Orchidectomized male mice receiving testosterone exhibited smaller splenic macrophage populations three days after infection, smaller B cell populations 10 days after infection, and reduced splenic tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ mRNA expression than mice that did not receive testosterone. Mice receiving estradiol-17β did not exhibit immunosuppressive effects. Thus, a weakened and delayed innate immunity response may lead to acquired immunity failure. The results suggested that testosterone directly affects T or B cells, leading to delayed acquired immunity, dramatically increased parasitemia, and severe anemia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.