ArticleCurrent biology : CB2013
Rare codons regulate KRas oncogenesis.
Article in Current biology : CB, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 151 citations in OpenAlex.
- Synonymous but Not Silent: The Codon Usage Code for Gene Expression and Protein Folding.Annual review of biochemistry · 2021Pooled it
- Variant-specific contributions of CYP21A2 and CYP11B1 to the clinical and hormonal heterogeneity of polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome phenotypes.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- U2AF1 mutations rescue deleterious exon skipping induced by KRAS mutations.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- KRAS Inhibition in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- ALKBH8-mediated codon-specific translation promotes colorectal tumorigenesis.Nature communications · 2025Article
- U2AF1 mutations rescue deleterious exon skipping induced by KRAS mutations.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- "Undruggable KRAS": druggable after all.Genes & development · 2025Review
- Functional distinction in oncogenic Ras variant activity in Caenorhabditis elegans.Disease models & mechanisms · 2024Article
- Translation Rates and Protein Folding.Journal of molecular biology · 2024Review
- Orb2 enables rare-codon-enriched mRNA expression during Drosophila neuron differentiation.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Evaluation of KRAS inhibitor-directed therapies for pancreatic cancer treatment.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- Differential Synonymous Codon Selection in the B56 Gene Family of PP2A Regulatory Subunits.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Synonymous codon usage regulates translation initiation.Cell reports · 2023Article
- Review
- Transfer RNAs as dynamic and critical regulators of cancer progression.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2023Review
- Navigating the ERK1/2 MAPK Cascade.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Article
- KRAS and NRAS Translation Is Increased upon MEK Inhibitors-Induced Processing Bodies Dissolution.Cancers · 2023Article
- KRAS, MYC, and ARF6: inseparable relationships cooperatively promote cancer malignancy and immune evasion.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2023Review
- Article
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in the small Ras GTPases KRas, HRas, and NRas render the proteins constitutively GTP bound and active, a state that promotes cancer. Ras proteins share ~85% amino acid identity, are activated by and signal through the same proteins, and can exhibit functional redundancy. Nevertheless, manipulating expression or activation of each isoform yields different cellular responses and tumorigenic phenotypes, even when different ras genes are expressed from the same locus. We now report a novel regulatory mechanism hardwired into the very sequence of RAS genes that underlies how such similar proteins impact tumorigenesis differently. Specifically, despite their high sequence similarity, KRAS is poorly translated compared to HRAS due to enrichment in genomically underrepresented or rare codons. Converting rare to common codons increases KRas expression and tumorigenicity to mirror that of HRas. Furthermore, in a genome-wide survey, similar gene pairs with opposing codon bias were identified that not only manifest dichotomous protein expression but also are enriched in key signaling protein classes and pathways. Thus, synonymous nucleotide differences affecting codon usage account for differences between HRas and KRas expression and function and may represent a broader regulation strategy in cell signaling.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.