ArticleExperimental and clinical psychopharmacology2013
Smoking and the bandit: a preliminary study of smoker and nonsmoker differences in exploratory behavior measured with a multiarmed bandit task.
Article in Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A review on exploration-exploitation trade-off in psychiatric disorders.BMC psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Common and distinct brain activity associated with risky and ambiguous decision-making.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Pooled it
- Acetylcholine and noradrenaline enhance foraging optimality in humans.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Trial
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the explore/exploit trade-off.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Trial
- Self-relevance dynamically biases exploration and exploitation in value-based decisions.Psychological research · 2026Article
- Neurobehavioral differences in value-based decision making between people with cocaine use disorder and controls.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Foraging models explain human exploration in uncertain tasks.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Directed exploration is reduced by an aversive interoceptive state induction in healthy individuals but not in those with affective disorders.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Individual differences in sequential decision-making.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Directed exploration is reduced by an aversive interoceptive state induction in healthy individuals but not in those with affective disorders.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Signatures of Perseveration and Heuristic-Based Directed Exploration in Two-Step Sequential Decision Task Behaviour.Computational psychiatry (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Individualistic reward-seeking strategies that predict response to nicotine emerge among isogenic male mice living in a micro-society.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Testing the convergent validity, domain generality, and temporal stability of selected measures of people's tendency to explore.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Computational models of exploration and exploitation characterise onset and efficacy of treatment in methamphetamine use disorder.Addiction biology · 2022Article
- Seeking motivation and reward: Roles of dopamine, hippocampus, and supramammillo-septal pathway.Progress in neurobiology · 2022Article
- The experimental tobacco marketplace: Effects of low-ventilated cigarette exposure.Addictive behaviors · 2022Article
- Chronic nicotine increases midbrain dopamine neuron activity and biases individual strategies towards reduced exploration in mice.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Lower Levels of Directed Exploration and Reflective Thinking Are Associated With Greater Anxiety and Depression.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Vicarious Trial-and-Error Is Enhanced During Deliberation in Human Virtual Navigation in a Translational Foraging Task.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2021Article
- Let's call the whole thing off: evaluating gender and sex differences in executive function.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Advantageous decision-making is an adaptive trade-off between exploring alternatives and exploiting the most rewarding option. This trade-off may be related to maladaptive decision-making associated with nicotine dependence; however, explore/exploit behavior has not been previously investigated in the context of addiction. The explore/exploit trade-off is captured by the multiarmed bandit task, in which different arms of a slot machine are chosen to discover the relative payoffs. The goal of this study was to preliminarily investigate whether smokers differ from nonsmokers in their degree of exploratory behavior. Smokers (n = 18) and nonsmokers (n = 17) completed a 6-armed bandit task as well as self-report measures of behavior and personality traits. Smokers were found to exhibit less exploratory behavior (i.e., made fewer switches between slot machine arms) than nonsmokers within the first 300 trials of the bandit task. The overall proportion of exploratory choices negatively correlated with self-reported measures of delay aversion and nonplanning impulsivity. These preliminary results suggest that smokers make fewer initial exploratory choices on the bandit task. The bandit task is a promising measure that could provide valuable insights into how nicotine use and dependence is associated with explore/exploit decision-making.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.