ArticleNeuropathology and applied neurobiology2013
The neuroinflammatory response in humans after traumatic brain injury.
Article in Neuropathology and applied neurobiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 217 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microglia in Post-Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Cognitive Impairment: From Pathological Changes to Therapeutic Approaches.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of ASL Perfusion MRI in Mild TBI.Neuropsychology review · 2023Pooled it
- A Prospective, Multicenter Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Translingual Neurostimulation Plus Physical Therapy for the Treatment of a Chronic Balance Deficit Due to Mild-to-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2021Trial
- Minocycline reduces chronic microglial activation after brain trauma but increases neurodegeneration.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2018Trial
- Mechanisms of inflammatory response in secondary brain injury: a review of computational approaches, challenges, and future directions.Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology · 2026Review
- Development of a paediatric model of diffuse traumatic brain injury in ferrets.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Multi-omics integration reveals TIM-4 as a master regulatory hub of neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- ALKBH5 demethylates the mProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- A Semi-Automated and Unbiased Microglia Morphology Analysis Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- From Acute Injury to Chronic Neurodegeneration: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Secondary Brain Injury to Long-Term Pathology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Early cerebrospinal fluid elevations of pTau-217 in severe traumatic brain injury subjects.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Impact of prior exposures on biomarkers of blast during military tactical training.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Remote Ischemic Post-Conditioning (RIC) Mediates Anti-Inflammatory Signaling via Myeloid AMPKα1 in Murine Traumatic Optic Neuropathy (TON).International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The evolving pathophysiology of TBI and the advantages of temporally-guided combination therapies.Neurochemistry international · 2024Review
- Intricate Role of the Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate Synthase-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (cGAS-STING) Pathway in Traumatic Brain Injury-Generated Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Death.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2024Review
- Modulation of microglia activation by the ascorbic acid transporter SVCT2.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Article
- The potential of gene delivery for the treatment of traumatic brain injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- Effects of Mild Closed-Head Injury and Subanesthetic Ketamine Infusion on Microglia, Axonal Injury, and Synaptic Density in Sprague-Dawley Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Immuno-surveillance and protection of the human cochlea.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Recent insights from non-mammalian models of brain injuries: an emerging literature.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Review
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
aimsTraumatic brain injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. An epidemiological association between head injury and long-term cognitive decline has been described for many years and recent clinical studies have highlighted functional impairment within 12 months of a mild head injury. In addition chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a recently described condition in cases of repetitive head injury. There are shared mechanisms between traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease, and it has been hypothesized that neuroinflammation, in the form of microglial activation, may be a mechanism underlying chronic neurodegenerative processes after traumatic brain injury.
methodsThis study assessed the microglial reaction after head injury in a range of ages and survival periods, from <24-h survival through to 47-year survival. Immunohistochemistry for reactive microglia (CD68 and CR3/43) was performed on human autopsy brain tissue and assessed 'blind' by quantitative image analysis. Head injury cases were compared with age matched controls, and within the traumatic brain injury group cases with diffuse traumatic axonal injury were compared with cases without diffuse traumatic axonal injury.
resultsA major finding was a neuroinflammatory response that develops within the first week and persists for several months after traumatic brain injury, but has returned to control levels after several years. In cases with diffuse traumatic axonal injury the microglial reaction is particularly pronounced in the white matter.
conclusionsThese results demonstrate that prolonged microglial activation is a feature of traumatic brain injury, but that the neuroinflammatory response returns to control levels after several years.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.