ArticleInfection and immunity2013
Novel cholix toxin variants, ADP-ribosylating toxins in Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 strains, and their pathogenicity.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
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41 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Population structure and phylogenetic analysis of Vibrio cholerae non-O1/O139 by whole genome sequencing.PloS one · 2026Article
- Genomic diversity and antimicrobial resistance ofMicrobial genomics · 2025Article
- Genomic analysis and antimicrobial resistance ofMicrobial genomics · 2025Article
- Genomic Analysis and Virulence Features of Vibrio cholerae Non-O1/Non-O139 Harbouring CARB-Type β-Lactamases From Freshwater Bodies, Argentina.Environmental microbiology reports · 2025Article
- Discovery of mono-ADP ribosylating toxins with high structural homology to Pseudomonas exotoxin A.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Extracellular Vesicle Inhibitors Enhance Cholix-Induced Cell Death via Regulation of the JNK-Dependent Pathway.Toxins · 2024Article
- Non-O1/Non-O139Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Genetic and Phenotypic Virulence Potential of Non-O1/Non-O139Microorganisms · 2023Article
- ToxigenicApplied and environmental microbiology · 2023Article
- Clinical and Environmental Vibrio cholerae Non-O1, Non-O139 Strains from Australia Have Similar Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Profiles.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- GRP75 as a functional element of cholix transcytosis.Tissue barriers · 2023Article
- Distribution and Molecular Characteristics ofMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- Genomic and Phenotypic Insights for Toxigenic Clinical Vibrio cholerae O141.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Abundance and biofilm formation capability ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Review
- Cell Death Signaling Pathway Induced by Cholix Toxin, a Cytotoxin and eEF2 ADP-Ribosyltransferase Produced byToxins · 2020Review
- A Novel Fusion of IL-10 Engineered to Traffic across Intestinal Epithelium to Treat Colitis.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2020Article
- Identification of cholix toxin gene inIranian journal of microbiology · 2020Article
- Phenotypic and Genotypic Properties ofMicroorganisms · 2020Article
- Crystal Structure of Exotoxin A fromToxins · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cholix toxin (ChxA) is a recently discovered exotoxin in Vibrio cholerae which has been characterized as a third member of the eukaryotic elongation factor 2-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins, in addition to exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and diphtheria toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. These toxins consist of three characteristic domains for receptor binding, translocation, and catalysis. However, there is little information about the prevalence of chxA and its genetic variations and pathogenic mechanisms. In this study, we screened the chxA gene in a large number (n = 765) of V. cholerae strains and observed its presence exclusively in non-O1/non-O139 strains (27.0%; 53 of 196) and not in O1 (n = 485) or O139 (n = 84). Sequencing of these 53 chxA genes generated 29 subtypes which were grouped into three clusters designated chxA I, chxA II, and chxA III. chxA I belongs to the prototype, while chxA II and chxA III are newly discovered variants. ChxA II and ChxA III had unique receptor binding and catalytic domains, respectively, in comparison to ChxA I. Recombinant ChxA I (rChxA I) and rChxA II but not rChxA III showed variable cytotoxic effects on different eukaryotic cells. Although rChxA II was more lethal to mice than rChxA I when injected intravenously, no enterotoxicity of any rChxA was observed in a rabbit ileal loop test. Hepatocytes showed coagulation necrosis in rChxA I- or rChxA II-treated mice, seemingly the major target for ChxA. The present study illustrates the potential of ChxA as an important virulence factor in non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae, which may be associated with extraintestinal infections rather than enterotoxicity.
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