ReviewProtein science : a publication of the Protein Society2013
Linkers in the structural biology of protein-protein interactions.
Review in Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 195 papers.
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Who cites it
195 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Optimization of the Chemical Monoubiquitination System for Low-Solubility Protein: Achieving Balance Between Specificity and Yield.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Construction and Immunogenicity Evaluation of a Digestive Protein-Based Chimeric Antigen Composed of Cathepsin L1, Cathepsin B1, and Saposin-like Protein 2 fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Precise l-threonine-to-l-isoleucine pathway regulation for engineering high-efficiency whole-cell biocatalysts.Synthetic and systems biotechnology · 2026Article
- A novel ψ-χ fusion protein for unravelling the contributions of χ to DNA replication and repair.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- A bioinformatics pipeline for the design of a SART3-targeted cancer vaccine with enhanced immunogenicity.Genomics & informatics · 2026Article
- In-silico design of a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against Strongyloides stercoralis.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- A NovelbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Engineering fusion enzymes for enhanced catalysis and stability: strategies and biotechnological applications.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Design of TAT-Conjugated Bowman-Birk Trypsin Inhibitor Peptides with Enhanced Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activities.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Computational Design of a TCR-Based Bispecific Engager Targeting Cancerous KRAS G12V Mutations.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Rerouting reductant flux via protein tethering enhances biohydrogen production in Thermococcus kodakarensis.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- The role of linker length and composition in actin binding and bundling by palladin.The Biochemical journal · 2026Article
- Article
135 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
Linkers or spacers are short amino acid sequences created in nature to separate multiple domains in a single protein. Most of them are rigid and function to prohibit unwanted interactions between the discrete domains. However, Gly-rich linkers are flexible, connecting various domains in a single protein without interfering with the function of each domain. The advent of recombinant DNA technology made it possible to fuse two interacting partners with the introduction of artificial linkers. Often, independent proteins may not exist as stable or structured proteins until they interact with their binding partner, following which they gain stability and the essential structural elements. Gly-rich linkers have been proven useful for these types of unstable interactions, particularly where the interaction is weak and transient, by creating a covalent link between the proteins to form a stable protein-protein complex. Gly-rich linkers are also employed to form stable covalently linked dimers, and to connect two independent domains that create a ligand-binding site or recognition sequence. The lengths of linkers vary from 2 to 31 amino acids, optimized for each condition so that the linker does not impose any constraints on the conformation or interactions of the linked partners. Various structures of covalently linked protein complexes have been described using X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and cryo-electron microscopy techniques. In this review, we evaluate several structural studies where linkers have been used to improve protein quality, to produce stable protein-protein complexes, and to obtain protein dimers.
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