ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2013
Hypothetical midlife interventions in women and risk of type 2 diabetes.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Whole grain and refined grain consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies.European journal of epidemiology · 2013Pooled it
- The Relationship of Pain Reduction With Prevention of Knee Replacement Under Dynamic Intervention Strategies.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2022Trial
- Interaction of diabetes genetic risk and successful lifestyle modification in the Diabetes Prevention Programme.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2021Trial
- Best (but oft forgotten) practices: Applying the target trial framework in nutrition research.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Timing of urate-lowering therapy and risk of kidney failure and mortality in CKD: an application of the parametric G-formula.Clinical kidney journal · 2026Article
- Tailored Exercise Strategies and Mortality Among Breast Cancer Survivors.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Generalized framework for identifying meaningful heterogenous treatment effects in observational studies: A parametric data-adaptive G-computation approach.Statistical methods in medical research · 2025Article
- Estimating the Effects of Hypothetical AmbientEnvironmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Evaluating recommendation-based dietary and physical activity strategies for prostate cancer prevention: a target trial emulation in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Exploring the Relationship Between Anticipated Stigma and Community Shared Concerns about HIV on Defaulting from HIV Care in Rural South Africa.Stigma and health · 2024Article
- The potential impact fraction of population weight reduction scenarios on non-communicable diseases in Belgium: application of the g-computation approach.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
- Evaluating Model Specification When Using the Parametric G-Formula in the Presence of Censoring.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Effect of out-of-village working activities on recent malaria exposure in the Peruvian Amazon using parametric g-formula.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Modeling Cash Plus Other Psychosocial and Structural Interventions to Prevent HIV Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in South Africa (HPTN 068).AIDS and behavior · 2021Article
- Parametric g-formula implementations for causal survival analyses.Biometrics · 2021Article
- The impact of hypothetical interventions on adiposity in adolescence.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Hypothetical blood-pressure-lowering interventions and risk of stroke and dementia.European journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Hypothetical Lifestyle Strategies in Middle-Aged Women and the Long-Term Risk of Stroke.Stroke · 2020Article
- Reducing the Population Burden of Coronary Heart Disease by Modifying Adiposity: Estimates From the ARIC Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020Observational
- Methodological considerations when analysing and interpreting real-world data.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRandomized trials have examined short-term effects of lifestyle interventions for diabetes prevention only among high-risk individuals. Prospective studies have examined the associations between lifestyle factors and diabetes in healthy populations but have not characterized the intervention. We estimated the long-term effects of hypothetical lifestyle interventions on diabetes in a prospective study of healthy women, using the parametric g-formula.
methodsUsing data from the Nurses' Health Study, we followed 76,402 women from 1984 to 2008. We estimated the risk of type 2 diabetes under eight hypothetical interventions: quitting smoking, losing weight by 5% every 2 years if overweight/obese, exercising at least 30 minutes a day, eating less than three servings a week of red meat, eating at least two servings a day of whole grain, drinking two or more cups of coffee a day, drinking five or more grams of alcohol a day, and drinking less than one serving of soda a week.
resultsThe 24-year risk of diabetes was 9.6% under no intervention and 4.3% when all interventions were imposed (55% lower risk [95% confidence interval = 47 to 63%]). The most effective interventions were weight loss (24% lower risk), physical activity (19%), and moderate alcohol use (19%). Overweight/obese women would benefit the most, with 10.8 percentage point reduction in 24-year risk of diabetes. The validity of these estimates relies on the absence of unmeasured confounding, measurement error, and model misspecification.
conclusionA combination of dietary and nondietary lifestyle modifications, begun in midlife or later in relatively healthy women, could have prevented at least half of the cases of type 2 diabetes in this cohort of U.S. women.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.