ArticleJournal of virology2013
Betaretroviral envelope subunits are noncovalently associated and restricted to the mammalian class.
Article in Journal of virology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Discovery and evolution of endogenous retroviruses in the genome of crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis).Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2026Article
- Transcriptome mining reveals diversity and evolution of circulating and endogenous amphibian retroviruses.Retrovirology · 2025Article
- Human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) envelope structures in pre- and postfusion by cryo-EM.Science advances · 2025Article
- The prefusion structure of the HERV-K (HML-2) Env spike complex.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Human endogenous retroviruses and exogenous viral infections.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Unique Structure and Distinctive Properties of the Ancient and Ubiquitous Gamma-Type Envelope Glycoprotein.Viruses · 2023Review
- Long-term host-pathogen evolution of endogenous beta- and gammaretroviruses in mouse lemurs with little evidence of recent retroviral introgression.Virus evolution · 2023Article
- Evolution and Genetic Diversity of the Retroviral Envelope in Anamniotes.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Deep-Time Structural Evolution of Retroviral and Filoviral Surface Envelope Proteins.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Human endogenous retroviruses in cancer: Expression, regulation and function.Oncology letters · 2021Review
- Ancient Adversary - HERV-K (HML-2) in Cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Review
- Article
- Human endogenous retrovirus-K (HML-2): a comprehensive review.Critical reviews in microbiology · 2018Review
- Transmission, Evolution, and Endogenization: Lessons Learned from Recent Retroviral Invasions.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2018Review
- An endogenous retroviral envelope syncytin and its cognate receptor identified in the viviparous placentalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Article
- Article
- An Intact Retroviral Gene Conserved in Spiny-Rayed Fishes for over 100 My.Molecular biology and evolution · 2017Article
- Characterization of a transgenic mouse model exhibiting spontaneous lung adenocarcinomas with a metastatic phenotype.PloS one · 2017Article
- Genome-Wide Screening of Retroviral Envelope Genes in the Nine-Banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus, Xenarthra) Reveals an Unfixed Chimeric Endogenous Betaretrovirus Using the ASCT2 Receptor.Journal of virology · 2016Article
- Classification and characterization of human endogenous retroviruses; mosaic forms are common.Retrovirology · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The structure of the transmembrane subunit (TM) of the retroviral envelope glycoprotein (Env) is highly conserved among most retrovirus genera and includes a pair of cysteines that forms an intramolecular disulfide loop within the ectodomain. Alpha-, gamma-, and deltaretroviruses have a third cysteine, adjacent to the loop, which forms a disulfide bond between TM and the surface subunit (SU) of Env, while lentiviruses, which have noncovalently associated subunits, lack this third cysteine. The Betaretrovirus genus includes Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), as well as many endogenous retroviruses. Envelope subunit association had not been characterized in the betaretroviruses, but lack of a third cysteine in the TM ectodomain suggested noncovalently associated subunits. We tested the Env proteins of JSRV and MMTV, as well as human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K)108--a betaretrovirus-like human endogenous retrovirus--for intersubunit bonding and found that, as in the lentiviruses, the Env subunits lack an intersubunit disulfide bond. Since these results suggest that the number of cysteines in the TM loop region readily distinguishes between covalent and noncovalent structure, we surveyed endogenous retroviral TM sequences in the genomes of vertebrates represented in public databases and found that (i) retroviruses with noncovalently associated subunits have been present during all of anthropoid evolution and (ii) the noncovalent env motif is limited to mammals, while the covalent type is found among five vertebrate classes. We discuss implications of these findings for retroviral evolution, cross-species transmissions, and recombination events involving the env gene.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.